Diffusion of innovation theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diffusion of innovation theory - Essay Example Complexity connotes the extent to which the usage and understanding the simplicity of an innovation appear difficult. Youths are picking up essential technological and social skills that they need to contribute fully to contemporary society (Clark, 2011). Erecting barriers to communication deprives the youths of access to these forms of learning. Youths could benefit from educators being more open to forms of experimentation and social exploration that are not characteristic of educational institutions. The content, way of relating and skills that youths value are highly variable dependent on what type of social groups they associate with (Boyd, 2007). This diversity in forms of literature means that it is problematic to develop a standardized set of benchmarks to measure new levels of media and technical literacy. Both Guttenberg and Martin Luther faced great opposition from the religious authorities of the time and took the bold step to use mass production as an effective tool for evangelization. Through the power of the press, religious leaders like Martin Luther managed to spread the Word amidst widespread opposition and condemnation from the mainstream church (Crosby, 2012). Through the use of the press, Martin Luther was able to lead the Reformation and evangelize to the masses. The Reformation was a time of dramatic religious dissent during which various church groups broke away from the dominating Catholic Church.

Is Raynair an unethical business Ethical and Philosophical approaches Essay

Is Raynair an unethical business Ethical and Philosophical approaches - Essay Example Four years later, the company lost $20 million dollars. Later in 2011, the company had grown to attract 75.8 million passengers who boarded their planes, leading to generation of a whopping $4.2 billion in revenues. After years of exponential growth, the company finally resolved to offer their customers very low airfare rates, though a storm sparked when the company introduced many unreasonable charges. Raynair unmatched low prices brought the company to a status of global fame, because its services were 2-3 times cheaper than what similar companies charged. However, the truth of the matter is that this airline company had introduced so many hidden fees and services to boost its revenue and recover from the extremely low prices. This issue attracted a lot of controversy regarding the legality of what Raynair was doing and whether its business plan and procedures was really ethical. In a nutshell, Ryanair’s hidden charges are certainly unethical. It is very strange, for example, to realize that a customer is charged a fee for not checking-in online. Raynair introduces so many hidden charges and hides them under their â€Å"low priced tickets†. This unethical practice, unfortunately, can taints its reputation and reduce its customers base. If Raynair’s purpose is to maximize shareholder’s returns, violating the rights of employees and customers to achieve its goals is a violation of its ethical responsibility. Raynair airline is a corporate entity, which is legally considered to be a corporate person, entitled to rights and responsibilities, just like any other person. Theorists, such as Milton Friedman has maintained that corporate executives are free to maximize the profits of their entities the way they want, but by making sure they conform to their basic rules of the society, including those embodied in the ethical customs and those embodies in law (Friedman, 1970). However, the case of Raynair is a case of total disregard to these laws and ethical customs. While the company generates about $500 million, over 20 percent of this revenue comes from sources other than airline tickets. Some of the additional revenue sources include $208 charged for passengers who change names on their boarding pass, exces sive luggage fee of $28 per kilo, a boarding pass fee of $40, a reserved seat fee of $13, credit card use fee of 2%, a checked musical instrument fee of $83, a bottle of water that is sold to customers at $3.50. These and many other types of fees that are charged in the cabin have attracted a lot of controversy, regarding their legality and ethical grounds. The employees of Raynair are also not left out in the ethical controversy that surrounds their employer. They are the ones who are forced to charge the customers these controversial charges. According to Friedman, maximizing of the company’s profits without regards to workers or customer’s welfare is an unethical act of individualism (Gallagher, 2005). In regards to this, Raynair is engaging in individualism because its central motive is maximizing profits, notwithstanding what it will take to achieve that goal. Following its reactions, it was estimated that the company would save millions of money, at the expense o f 400,000 passengers. The fact that there are numerous customers who lodge complaints after experiencing different ordeals, but their concerns are hardly addressed, is a further testimony

Study On The Reflection Paper

Study On The Reflection Paper Chapter I. Whats in a word? All languages have words. All words have different meanings, different function and they belong to different groups and classes as well, some carry grammatical function other words carry more information. One thing is for sure, even today we learn new meaning of existing words or we learn new words even in our first language. Understanding meaning of new words in second language is much more difficult, there are many words that are used in novel ways and that confuse learners of second language. In this concept it is crucial for Second Language Learner to understand both meaning and the use of specific word, and to be able to produce it when necessary, and to develop their own strategy of learning new words. It is very important for learners to know and make distinction between different forms of same word, this helps S.L.L (Second Language Learners) to identify the word class and to produce and use proper meaning. From my personal experience I would like to share some of the problem s that usually occur. E.g I will take like as verb and as a preposition. What is London like? (Prep); What do you like? (Verb). To understand differences in meaning and in concept of target word students have to take in consideration and word class. It is not only issue of grammar difference, change of word classes and switch from one to another, but also new vocabulary word with new meaning and form. Another very important issue is word families. Different languages have already the same structure that gathers words, form new words, or new meanings to existing words. I will try very briefly without getting in details to share my opinion based on readings class discussions and my own experience. Both suffixes and prefixes appear in English and Albanian. Being a native learner of Albanian language is very easy for me to identify and use words in different forms and meanings in Albanian Lang, but for E.F.L learners it is quite difficult even they are familiar with the models of inflexional or derivative words. What I have noticed the most is the difficulty of ESL learners to master the process of Word Formation in English, it differs a lot and it is far more complex than, in this case Albanian. Compounding, conversion, blending and clipping express very firmly the complexity of this process. Another important point that it is worth to be mentioned in Vocab Teaching is grouping of words that form units as if they were single word units. These are called multi word units, their meaning is usually subject of change upon the parts that word unit contains, these can phrasal verbs with either literal or non-literal meaning, as sentence frames and multi part verbs. The occurrence of words mentioned above is another important , words happens very often to co- occur next to each other and to give new meaning to the sentence as a whole. It is very important to be able to notice the difference in meaning, of words that share the same form. At this point we can come to conclusion that it is very difficult for foreign learners because many word have different but overlapping meanings, in this line homonyms, homophones, homographs can really confuse learners, and in the other hand polysemy is a real challenge for compilers as they are real headache for learners. E.g the word fair that has different meaning in every our example: long fair hair; Skripton fair; fair cook. Other meanings of words we have the words that occur in line with other words ang give new meanings. To sum up and not to go further in detail and to give conclusion of what we have learnt about words is that language first emerges as words and going farther into structures and forms we use them to produce language that we have learnt. Chapter-II. How words are learned. How important is vocabulary- without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed (David Vilkins). The importance of vocabulary is very high, you can master the grammar very well but without proper knowledge of vocabulary spoken language will be of lowest levels. Also it is very important when you visit a foreign country, you dont bring a grammar book but a vocabulary and people usually try to learn more common expressions in their very first days. There were many various problems with vocabulary teaching because it wasnt on the fore in the Direct Method or Audio Lingual Method- which gave greater priority to grammar learning and grammar structures. Number of words taught on these courses were very low and the words learnt were chosen because were easy to demonstrate. But nowadays teaching a vocabulary is given a special importance, and courses and course books are giving much more space to teaching new words and communication. In order to have a be tter communication L2 learners need to have a critical mass of vocabulary to get the over threshold of second language. In this context they should develop their own and unique style about remembering the words. These styles can be developed with teachers help; their role in this case is to guide students toward their learning styles and strategies. Looking back in the early period in the era of Direct Method and A.L.M, students had to learn, repeat the words that they have learnt. Of course nowadays these models are old fashioned and things have changed. From my experience when I was in primary school- teachers translated for us the key words, but without much effort to make us understand more. Of course these words were placed in short term memory, and after a while couldnt be recalled and used properly when needed. In comparison with this I as E. L teacher am using different models to explain the meaning of new words, avoiding as much as possible translation to L1, and old fashioned methods like learn words by heart. I found for my students very helpful eliciting meaning of new words, or new meaning of existing words, also using flashcards, pictures, word games not only that make students feel more relaxed. Another fact that we should take in consideration is the first language, having a good command of first language is help ful but sometimes can be a potential block to the development of second language vocabulary, it can come to this because the patterns of every language are different and when learners try to make links, sometimes they may succeed but sometimes not. In second language learning vocabulary is important and spelling, pronunciation and length. All this can cause errors because words with difficult pronunciation, with spelling mismatches, long and complex words, appear to more difficult to be learnt and remembered. Chapter III- How to Teach Vocabulary In this chapter the main issue is teaching vocabulary, sources and methods and techniques that best fit and explain these sources. Here are mentioned at least five possible sources that provide vocabulary input for learners. -Lists -Course books -Vocabulary books -The teacher Other students. Based on class discussions and readings about lists and shared experiences vocabulary learning requires a close attention at being done activities in order to acquire new words or new meanings to existing words. One of vocabulary sources as it is mentioned above are lists, they provide students with new words, some of these words will be learnt actively and some occidental. One of the main tasks should be, these lists should consist of words that are selected for active study. Criteria of usefulness, frequency or lexical dont seem to be applied. One reason that students would like to learn from lists is the economical way of organizing vocabulary for learning and it doesnt matter if they arent put in random way. In order to be successful with lists it is necessary that learning activities be integrated into lesson plan activities in classroom. Another source of teaching vocabulary are course books, usually in course books are some criteria of choosing vocabulary. Usefulness- it means that can be put to immediate use, e.g. classroom objects in elementary level. Frequency- words that appear most frequently express the most frequent meanings in the language, and importance of these words. Learnability- includes careful choice of words in syllabus, especially for beginners. Teach ability is very important because we make words for students very easy to understand through different activities by demonstrating or illustrating them. Vocabulary work in course books is organized in segregated activities that present practice of lexical sets, word formation rules, test of words indicated before, guessing activities; integration of vocabulary into skill works, usually a pre-task or post-task activities. Another source are Vocabulary Books, due to priority given to learning new words in a foreign language (English) there is a wide selection of supplementary books available. Usually these books are targeted as books needed for specific purposes, such as business or technology. The aim is to test vocabulary knowledge rather than to teach it. Activities used in this kind of books such as brainstorming of ideas or meanings to new words and eliciting students with new meaning of words appears to be very useful for students. Teacher is also considered as a useful source of acquiring new words, phrases or expressions that teachers use most commonly in classroom. Teachers own stories also can be very valuable to students. They can ask students to make similar stories or new stories with given words in order to practice both use and meaning of words. It is in human nature that all develop their own lexicon. Sharing of their knowledge either in brainstorming activities, pair working or spoken activities in classroom is very useful. This leads to student- student lexicon combination and ability to recall and express when necessary. Chapter IV- Texts, Dictionaries and Corpora From what we discussed in last chapter about offering vocabulary teaching through lists. In our days texts are being more explicit and the vocabulary teaching has been incorporated into text books. Comparing to lists short texts have great advantages in vocabulary teaching and building purposes. The fact that words are in context increases the chances of learners to appreciate not only the meaning, but and their structural and word order in sentences. Texts usually display connected sets of words. Short texts are very useful for classroom use since they can be subjected to intensive grammatical and lexical study. Advantage of short texts to long texts is that students do not usually get bored and their attention is not overtaxed. Authentic texts are usually rich in vocabulary especially literary texts. Extensive reading provides the opportunity for students to meet words in their context of use, and also supplies repeated encounters with many of these words. Words are usually repeated up to six times, and as more as they repeat it is easily for learners to acquire the meaning or to get it from context of the sentence. In this context words that are introduced once should at least be reminded once more or if possible more. This has to do with linking between the lessons. It is very important the learners need to enjoy and to get as much as possible, and this type of reading shouldnt be regarded as hard work. Dictionaries are regarded as tools and as vocabulary resource because they contain rich information of the words. For a long time use of dictionaries has been discouraged in class. It was argued that use of these may encourage learners to focus only in native words if it is mono-lingual, and might inhibit the development of more useful skills such as guessing from context. Kinds of dictionaries available: monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. It is very important to make the difference between these two kinds. From my experience I prefer monolingual dictionary of target language, because not only we understand the word we want but also and words related to the meaning or context. The benefit for teachers and learners of corpus data is that it provides both with easily accessible information about real language use, frequency and collocation. Before the advent of corpora, teachers had to rely largely on intuitions about the way words are actually used. Before the advent of corpora, frequency information was also largely guesswork- or involved a great deal of pen-paper counting. Corpus information is typically presented in the forem of concordances; they display the results of a word search as individual lines of text, with targeted word or words aligned to the centre. Corpora are the latest addition to the resources available for vocabulary input. Concordancing and keyword programs are two of the tools that make corpus data available for classroom use. For the end I would like to say these words Vocabulary teaching and learning is like exploring universe. Burim Sopa i.d- 119325

The Arrival Of Blu-Ray Technology :: Technology

Formatting Problems The Arrival of Blu-ray Technology Blu-ray- also known as Blu-ray Disc (BD), is the name of a next-generation optical disc format which was jointly developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of the world's leading consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers (including Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, JVC, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TDK and Thomson). As compared to the current optical disc format such as DVD, this new format allows users to record, rewrite and playback high-definition (HD) video and store large amounts of data. In fact, Blu-ray’s storage capacity is five times more than traditional DVDs, which can hold up to 25GB on a single-layer disc and 50GB on a dual-layer disc. This high storage capability has also allowed additional content and special features such as downloading extras, updating content via the web, and watching live broadcasts of special events. In addition, when combined with the new BD-J interactivity layer, the users’ experience in watching a Blu-ray movie will be greatly enhanced. For instance, while the director explains the shooting of a scene, we are able to view the scene playing in the background simultaneously. Besides storage capacity and interactivity, high-definition is another reason why Blu-ray is better; a blue-violet laser (405nm) has a shorter wavelength than a red laser (650nm), hence the laser spot is able to focus with greater precision. Compared to DVDs, which only supports standard-definition (SD), Blu-ray supports HDTV and offers five times more detail in the clarity and sharpness of picture, and as well as better enhancement effects in HD video and audio quality. Besides Blu-ray, HD-DVD is the other new high-density DVD format competing to be the next-generation optical disc format. The HD-DVD format which is supported by NEC, Toshiba, and Sanyo, relies on the blue-laser technology as well. However, as compared, Blu-ray has a much bigger storage capacity and a higher data transfer rate for both video and audio. So do consumers prefer Blu-ray or HD-DVD? According to an independent study conducted by Cymfony (a market influence analytic company) on the new HD video formats and players, between October 1, 2006 and November 23, 2006, there are 46 percent (in a total of 17,664 posts) higher positive discussions about HD-DVD with authors stating being â€Å"impressed with HD-DVD† vs. â€Å"impressed with Blu-ray†. On the other hand, few posts has discussed the high storage capacity and advance interactivity.

Break-Even Analysis

Managers must know how different costs behave as the volume of sales expands or contracts. The study of the interrelationships of sales, costs and net income is called cost-volume-profit analysis. It is a key factor in many planning decisions. The essence of cost-volume profit analysis is gaining an understanding of how costs and profits change in response to changes in volume. This study is often called break-even-point analysis. This is a mistake because break-even-point, the point of zero net income is just a part of the cost-volume-profit concept and is often only incidental to the planning decision at hand.However, it is often the starting point of the analysis and provides insights into the possible dangers of certain courses of action (Peralta, J. l979). The following situation will be used as a basis for discussion and to demonstrate the techniques of and the need for cost-volume-profit analysis. We shall assume that any cost may be classified as either fixed or variable. Fix ed costs are costs, which remain constant in total, within the current period, regardless of changes in the level or volume of activity.Variable costs are those, which are expected to fluctuate, in total, in proportion to sales, production or other measures of activity. The O-BUSH Company operates a sandwich stand at the Osama Memorial Stadium selling hotdog sandwiches during game days. The company is now in the process of negotiating for a lease of a sandwich stand at the Al Qaeda Coliseum during NBA games. The company has determined that the following costs and prices will probably characterize the new stand: Selling price per sandwich $2. 00 100% Variable expenses per sandwich:Hotdog $ 0. 75 Sandwich bread . 30 Mustard/catsup . 05 Commission to the coliseum . 10 1. 20 60% Contribution Margin . 80 40% Fixed Expenses per game day: Rental of stand $500 Wages for 8 employees at $37. 50 300 Other fixed expense 200Total $1,000 Should the company enter into a lease agreement with Al Qae da? O-BUSH will have to answer certain questions before a decision can be made. Break-Even Point Computation Question: What would be the break-even-point of the company in terms of numbers of units (sandwiches) sold and dollar of sales? At break-even point, revenue is precisely equal to costs, no profits are realized, and no losses are incurred. For the purpose of this illustration, the unit contribution approach is used.The approach is based on the fact that every unit sold generates or provides a certain amount of contribution margin that goes toward the covering of the fixed costs. The contribution margin is the excess of sales price over the variable expenses pertaining to the unit in question: Unit sales price $2. 00 Unit variable expenses 1. 20 Unit contribution margin to fixed Expenses and net profit $ . 80 To find the number of units must be sold to break-even, total fixed cost must be divided by unit contribution margin.Thus, $1,000 divided by $0. 80 is 1,250 sandwiches. If only the percentage relationship between variable expenses and sales is known, the formula can still be used to compute the break-even point in dollar sales. Sales price 100% Variable expenses 60% Contribution margin 40% Total Fixed Cost divided by contribution margin ratio equals break-even point in dollar sales. Thus, $1,000 divided by 40% is $2,500. The company must sell more than 1,250 sandwiches in order to have a profit. Reference Peralta, J. (l979). Management Accounting, An Introduction. GIC Enterprises & Co. , Inc. Manila

”My Mother Said I Never Should” and ”A Midsummer Nights Dream’ Essay

I have been working on the script of both †My Mother Said I Never Should† and †A Midsummer Nights Dream’. In this essay I will look at many aspects of both pieces and compare them, mentioning their similarities and their differences. †My Mother Said I Never Should† was written in 1985 and set from between the 2nd World War and the mid 80’s. †A Midsummer Nights Dream† was written in the 16th Century and set in whatever time period the reader perceives it. Therefore the two plays are both written in the past but they are different because of the time they are set. This difference is because †My Mother Said I Never Should† is based within a decade whereas †A Midsummer Nights Dream† can be set any time period but the story is meant to all be over within the space of one day. Because †A Midsummer Nights Dream† is set in one day, it unlike †My Mother Said I Never Should† which jumps between different years in the 1980’s. There are equal similarities and differences when it comes to the society of the plays. They both show the high status of the mothers involved and alike each other; Margaret and Titania want to keep their children. The family expectations in both the plays re similar because in â€Å"‘My Mother Said I Never Should†, Margaret is constantly telling Jackie to work harder and get a good job because she has high expectations of her. In †A Midsummer Nights Dream† Hermia’s father wants her to marry Lysander and hope for her to fulfill this expectation. The plays are different when it comes to the language and the style of the way the people live, the characters in ‘My Mother Said I Never Should’ are more modern that those in ‘A Midsummer Nights Dream’. The character is ‘My Mother Said I Never Should’ are real characters with real issues, whereas those in ‘A Midsummer Nights Dream’ are less than realistic because they are fairies and are make believe. Because of this, ‘My Mother Said I Never Should’ is more realistic because of the issues and the audience can relate and empathize with the problems involved in the play, but in ‘A Midsummer Nights Dream’, it is a comedy and it is meant to be enjoyed and not understood. The costumes in ‘My Mother Said I Never Should’ are normal for that time but in ‘A Midsummer Nights Dream’ they are extravert and something no one would ever wear no matter what time period, this again adds to it’s fantasy. When talking about the key themes of the plays, they are very comparable. Usually in a scene it is only two people talking at a time and the conversations are very tense and filled with emotion. In both plays they include mothers fighting over a child. Love is the main theme in both of the plays if you look beneath the words and consider subtext. The love in ‘My Mother Said I Never Should’ is between Jackie and Margaret despite their fighting and likewise with Titania and Oberon. Along with this love there is also a lot of anger within this love that we see. When it comes to key themes the plays are obviously different because, ‘A Midsummer Nights Dream’s’ characters are fairies but are real people in ‘My Mother Said I Never Should’. The styles of the play are very different but they share the subject of arguing and that the main characters concerned are all drawn in with each other. Unlike ‘My Mother Said I Never Should’, ‘A Midsummer Nights Dream’ has many characters. But the obvious difference is that one is a comedy and one is a realistic play and they want the audience to feel different emotions if any at all in ‘A Midsummer Nights Dream’ case. The main obvious difference between the play, which can easily be seen, is the language of the plays. ‘My Mother Said I Never Should’ uses modern language, which can be understood completely, whereas ‘A Midsummer Nights Dream’ uses old English, which means that the audience may loose sight of the plot and get caught up in the language taking away from the enjoyment of the play. Even though this is so, it does not take away the comedy element of the place, which is enjoyed by all. In conclusion I enjoyed studying these two plays because I was able to go into more depth and read between the lines. This gave me a greater understanding of the plays and will help me with future performances and exams. When playing the roles myself, I could see how the plays were similar as well as being different. Acting out the pieces the first thing that struck me was how different the language was and in ‘Midsummer Nights Dream’ it was harder to understand which made it difficult to use tones and express some emotions without complete understanding of the play. In ‘My Mother Said I Never Should’ it was easier and more relaxed to perform as it related more with modern day life and the emotions were very easy and straightforward to understand. The reactions from the audiences were also very different. In ‘A Midsummer Nights Dream’ the audience watch with smiles on their faces occasionally smiling where as in ‘My Mother Said I Never Should’ the seriousness of the pieces was shown on their expressions. I found that because of much preparation and understanding of the plays before working on them it meant that they could be performed much more easily and gained good criticism.

Introduction And Identification Of The Policy Social Work Essay Essay Example

Introduction And Identification Of The Policy Social Work Essay Essay Example Introduction And Identification Of The Policy Social Work Essay Essay Introduction And Identification Of The Policy Social Work Essay Essay Domestic force is one of the chief societal issues, which have serious and negative impact on persons, households, and society, domestic force has received great attending in recent old ages ( Newbold, 2000 ) . Prior to 1970, constabulary was loath to step in in domestic difference because of the traditional and cultural believes about household relationship. There was a demand of a better policy to collar the wrongdoer and back up the victim to experience safe. In 1987 New Zealand constabularies adopted a more positive attack while covering with domestic force, called Pro-Arrest policy. Under Pro-Arrest policy, victims are provided with appropriate and timely support and wrongdoers are arrested without a formal ailment. New Zealand constabulary implemented this policy and some other major researches and factors played of import function in the devising of this policy. Social policy is a societal agreement for mundane life. Although the jobs of mundane life of a individual are seen as a personal job, these mundane issues are the component of a societal policy. Different people may hold different jobs and issues, when an issue is identified as an issue of common concern than people seek a common societal solution for it. A program of action is developed to work out the common issue and have a policy proposal, and when this proposal is adopted by a authorities section it is called policy. When the program of action is about quality of life than it is called societal policy ( Dalton et al 1996 ) . Violence refers to behaviours that injuries and makes person feel afraid. One specific type of force is domestic force. During the colonial period, Maori kids were punished and beaten for talking their ain linguistic communication this might hold developed a idea in Maori male that larning can merely be made by crushing ( Marshall A ; Marshall, 1997 ) . Pro Apprehension Policy Domestic force has become an mundane common issue and as the effects of the failure of old attacks of constabulary towards domestic force, Pro Arrest policy came in to existence in 1987. Police was moving as go-between in the state of affairs of crisis and focused on rapprochement of the spouses and avoid the apprehension of attacker if possible. Anterior to Pro-Arrest policy, adult females were non doing formal ailment against their opprobrious spouse because they were non able to afford equal support for them and their kids and did non desire to go forth their opprobrious spouses. At the same clip constabulary was non holding plenty cognition about the support available for the victim in the community ( Newbold A ; Cross 2008 ) . Why Pro-Arrest Policy is a societal policy ( Definition ) Policies can be described as an act, or jurisprudence of the parliament which can be in the signifier of papers or proclamation and which require some actions for the well-being of the people are societal policies ( Duncan, 2007 ) . Social policy is a portion of a populace policy which is planned and actions are taken to better and run into human demands such as instruction, wellness, lodging and societal security and maintaining of better life conditions for the people. To keep the well-being of the household and to supply societal security to the victim there was a demand of an equal societal policy. Pro apprehension policy is a piece of societal policy because it was introduced to protect and supply support to the victim of the force through community bureaus, and collaring the wrongdoer without the formal ailment. Pro apprehension policy was introduced by New Zealand constabularies, which has straight affected the people. Pro apprehension policy made major alterations in the old attacks, which included: all domestic difference ailments were officially recorded harmonizing to the applicable offenses and efforts were made to set plaintiffs in touch with societal service bureaus for ongoing support. The policy instructed that an wrongdoer be arrested where there was sufficient grounds and that the victim did non hold to do an official ailment ( Pro-arrest policy a literature reappraisal, 2006 ) . Interest Groups Police personals are on the front line to cover with domestic force, New Zealand constabulary was one of the administrations interested to explicate a new attack towards household force. In 1985 a household force conference was held at the Royal New Zealand Police College to turn to ways of holding a different attack to domestic force. Sergeant Greg Ford of New Zealand constabularies presented a study sketching his survey trip to the United States and introduced Pro-Arrest policy at conference. Family force bar coordination commission was established to look deeper in to the Pro-Arrest policy. The Department of Child Youth and Family ( CYFS ) is another involvement group in the procedure of explicating the Pro-Arrest policy. CYFS define the domestic force as a societal and condemnable job that can ensue in the decease or disability of its victim. Family force represents a serious maltreatment of power within the household ( Child Youth and Family, 2001 ) . Department of Social public assistance recognized the demand of a different attack towards domestic force where a kid can be protected by an early intercession. Health service suppliers are the major involvement group in the preparation of the Pro-Arrest policy. New Zealand wellness services are overburdened by the figure of the service users. The increased figure of the domestic force was increasing the work burden on the services and impacting on the quality of the services. The long waiting list at Emergency section and for major and minor intervention or surgeries is the illustrations of job faced by Hospital and patients. Arguments At the Family force conference held by New Zealand constabularies in 1985, the traditional attack was described as non-involvement or reluctant intercession by bulk of constabulary sections. At the confrence Sergeant Greg Ford of New Zealand constabularies put his argued towards the demand of a alteration in philosophy and attack . Ford s study argued that the Pro-Arrest policy is already been adopted by other states including Britain and USA, and it is working towards cut downing the figure of household force incidents ( Family force and pro apprehension policy a literature reappraisal 2006/2 ) . Domestic force takes many signifiers of opprobrious behaviours used by culprits and is the constitution of control and fright in an grownup relationship. Children, who see, hear or are cognizant of domestic force in their places, experience negative developmental, emotional, psychological and behavioural effects. Child public assistance bureaus are responsible for the attention and protection of the kids by maintaining them safe from any injury or danger. Children life in the households where force is common are at high hazard of injury and maltreatment. Department of Social public assistance recognized the demand of a different attack towards domestic force where a kid can be protected by an early intercession. New Zealand s Health attention services are fighting to cover with inmate and people describing at exigency section. Different section of the infirmaries are holding long waiting list and patients are waiting for their intervention. Victims of domestic force are adding up in to the Numberss of the patients already sing the infirmary and doing it more hard to get the better of their waiting list. It is of import to cut down the figure of domestic force incidents to supply seasonably intervention to the patients and cut down the load on resources. The wellness boards were interested for a more practical and effectual attack to command the domestic force. Tacticss Family Violence Prevention Coordinating Committee ( FVPCC ) was established at the Family Violence Conference in 1985 to look Pro-Arrest responses in more deepness. FVPCC, consisting authorities bureaus and community administrations and was operated from the Department of Social Welfare. The commission suggested a coordination and affair between assorted bureaus and sections those who are involved with facets of household force, development of an interagency attack to household force. Sergeant Greg Ford s study was indicating towards the demand of a alteration in philosophy and attack , these alterations included: all domestic difference ailments were officially recorded. Changing the cryptography of domestic differences harmonizing to the applicable offense. Attempts were made to set plaintiffs in touch with societal service bureaus so they could be provided with on-going support and apprehensions were made in instances where a Prima facie offense was established without the demand for an official ailment from the victim ( Family force and the pro-arrest policy: a literature reappraisal, 2006 ) . Many victims of household force would non reach the constabulary or any other bureau to do a formal ailment against their opprobrious spouse because of certain barriers such as money, safe lodging, wellness, unemployment. Health attention suppliers are hence good placed to prosecute in early designation, support and referral. Government bureaus are dependent on presentment of maltreatment received from outside beginnings. Health attention professional has set an docket which includes mentioning the patient to a specializer household force bureau, Police, attorney and ( for under 17-year-olds ) , child protection service such as Child, Youth and Family, if required ( Family Violence Intervention Guidelines ) . The FVPCC realised that a alteration in apprehension policy entirely would non dramatically cut down reoffending, and established an intercession undertaking, the Hamilton Abuse Intervention Pilot Project ( HAIPP ) in 1991 to see the mechanisms of household force through the Power and Control theoretical account. The purpose of the undertaking was to halt the force and this is achieved through protecting, back uping and informing victims and altering the wrongdoer s behaviour through answerability and rehabilitation. ( Newbold A ; Cross, 2008 ) . Aims Society will profit when adult females are freed from maltreatment by male spouses. It means guaranting that there is a web of support, co-ordination of services, protection by the constabulary and justness system, proviso of ongoing support for her and her kids and back uping her once more if she returns to an opprobrious spouse. Prior to 1970 the constabulary attack towards domestic difference was more of as a go-between. There was a demand of a different attack to protect the victim and cut down the figure of household force incidents. Internationally and in New Zealand the feminist motion, the authorities and constabulary has played a major function in the procedure of altering constabulary response towards domestic force. The chief aims of the Pro Arrest policy were to protect the victim of domestic force by collaring the wrongdoer without any formal ailment and supply ongoing support after the apprehension of the wrongdoer. The policy emphasized the demand of a alteration in the thought of the constabulary personal and their attack towards domestic force. Use of apprehensions as a preferable jurisprudence enforcement response for cut downing subsequent victimization of adult females by their spouses. Coordination between different community and authorities bureaus can supply support to the victim ; by get the better ofing the barriers those are keeping adult females to do a formal ailment against her opprobrious spouse. Political political orientation Before the 1950s, New Zealand was considered as a generous public assistance province, because of comparatively high societal outgo as a per centum of the gross domestic merchandise and besides the high rewards. The public assistance province statement was besides based on the fact that New Zealand was the first state to offer European adult females the ballot in 1893, the first to present a to the full state-funded old age pension in 1898, a household allowance in 1926, and subsidized wellness attention and unemployment benefits in 1938. New Zealand authoritiess besides developed benefits for widows and abandoned married womans before Australia, Canada and several European states. New Zealand authorities restructured big parts of the province after mid 1980s, and made alterations to some societal plans. New Zealand authorities has encouraged the development of a corporate attack to happen solution to societal jobs and to present societal plans ( Baker, M. 2002 ) . New Zealand s Pro Arrest policy , concentrating on province plans, policies and Torahs that straight impact on households. Pro Arrest policy is linked with both public assistance province societal development and societal democratic political political orientation. Coordination and affair between the assorted community bureaus and authorities sections those who are involved with the facets of household force and development of an interagency attack to household force is an of import portion of Pro-Arrest policy and was besides suggested by FVPCC. The docket set by FVPCC is linked with the societal democratic statement of a corporate attack to work out societal jobs. Attempts were made to set plaintiffs in touch with societal service bureaus so they could be provided with on-going support to go more employable and self-sufficing. Social development theoretical account of public assistance province provide protection to the people in difficult times by supplying minimal degree of income and publicly funded services. And accent on assisting and back uping people while they lift their accomplishments ( Holland, G. ) . Aim of the HAIPP undertaking was to halt the force and this is achieved through protecting, back uping and informing victims and altering the wrongdoer s behaviour by condemning of maltreaters to a structured instruction plan. Child public assistance bureau argued to protect the kids from the injury caused by household force by cut downing household force incidents. To accomplish this end, the involvement groups has used corporate attack which includes presentment by wellness attention suppliers ; support plan for victims by different community bureaus is linked with societal democratic political political orientation theoretical account of public assistance province. Decision Social policy is a portion of a populace policy which is created to better and run into humanA demands. Domestic force is one of the major societal issues which are impacting negatively on the relationship of the spouses and on the development of the kids. This study has discussed about the Pro apprehension policy, which is a societal policy and was introduced to protect and supply support to the victim and to cut down the figure of household force incidents. Sergeant Ford s experiment resulted in presenting the Pro apprehension policy in New Zealand in 1987, brought major alteration in the constabulary intercession to a household force. New Zealand constabularies, wellness section and other community bureaus including Child Youth and Family identified the issue and argued in support of the Pro-Arrest policy. The chief aims of the Pro Arrest policy are to protect the victim of domestic force and supply ongoing support after the apprehension of the opprobrious spouse. The policy instructed that an wrongdoer be arrested where there was sufficient grounds and that the victim did non hold to do an official ailment. This study besides shows that New Zealand s Pro Arrest policy is linked to welfare province and societal democratic political political orientation. The statement given by FVPCC sing the coordination and affair between the assorted bureaus and sections involved with facets of household force is linked with the societal democratic statement of a corporate attack to work out some societal jobs.

OF MICE AND MEN AS A PARABLE essays

OF MICE AND MEN AS A PARABLE essays Of mice and men as a parable is the best description of this book. The main parable of this book would be the ending in which George kills Lennie. I will compare it to the biblical story of Cain and Abel to George and Lennie. Cain and Abel were both sons of Adam and Eve. Cain was the first born and Abel was the second. Cain was a farmer and grew many vegetable and grains. Abel was a shepherd who looked the family herds. They fought like regular brother and sisters. But the love they had was very strong. Adam and Eve told Cain and Abel that they need to sacrifice a lamb to show God how sincere they were about what he had done for them. Abel was very concerned always trying to do a good thing. He sacrificed the best lamb and offered it to the Lord. He wanted to do the try to do the best for God. Cain was inconsiderate he didnt want to sacrifice a lamb, he would rather sacrifice litter. He wanted to burn some extra straw that he has, which would not waste his time. As Cai n and Abel placed their offering on the altar, something happened! Abels lamb burnt up completely whereas Cain watched his straw just smolder. Cain was jealous at the thought of Abel being preferred over him. He didnt take the time to realize that Abel was just doing what he knew best. Cain got really angry at his brother. While Cain went for a walk with Abel, Cain struck Abel to the ground and killed him. Cain was concerned that someone might have seen him kill his brother more then being sad that his brother died. He was happy to look around and see no one. The Lord spoke and asked where Abel was, and Cain replied with Am I my brothers keeper? God spoke back to Cain and asked him why he could be so cruel to his brother, while his brother just tried to do the best for God and him. Cain fell to the ground sobbing, realizing what hed done. In the story of George was the o ...

45 Parking Holidays! The Challenges of Cultural Sensitivity in 2016

45 Parking Holidays! The Challenges of Cultural Sensitivity in 2016 In my newsletter last week, I wrote about how the Jewish holidays are treated, and how that affects my sense of belonging as a Jew. I received so many responses that I am writing a full blog on the topic now. Slippery Slope: Parking Holidays and NYC How to handle holidays is a big question for governments and businesses. Between Jewish, Christian, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, and other religious holidays, it’s almost impossible to commemorate all of them. In New York City, there are 45 parking meter holidays- for everything from Christmas to Eid al-Adha to the Asian Lunar New Year. That’s an average of almost one each week, plus the standard Sunday suspension of parking rules. Many of you are probably aware that the Jewish New Year, Rosh Hashanah, was last week, and that Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, will be observed Tuesday night and Wednesday of this week. In Israel on Yom Kippur, there are no radio or TV broadcasts, airports and public transportation systems are shut down, and all shops and businesses are closed. Where I grew up (New York City), everyone, regardless of their own religion, knew when these holidays were coming. Schools were closed and many businesses were closed. No one would even think of scheduling a major business event on one of these High Holy Days. Being Acknowledged Now I live in Wisconsin, where it’s simply not like that. â€Å"Taste of Tenney,† a neighborhood event offering fare from local restaurants, is scheduled for the evening of Yom Kippur. Several times, my coaching group has held their annual party on a High Holy Day. I have declined an invitation for this Wednesday to see a presentation by a top speaker in the entrepreneurial world, hosted by that same group. I keep letting them know when these conflicts arise, and I keep saying, â€Å"This would never happen in New York.† But it happens in Wisconsin. I feel hurt and unseen every time this lack of consciousness reveals itself. Like I am not accepted. Like I do not belong. In contrast, I went to swim at the Highland Park Rec Center in Illinois on Rosh Hashanah this year, where the lifeguard advised me that all swim classes had been cancelled for the holiday! I got a lane to myself, admittedly while many other members of my faith were in synagogue. And, as a nice surprise, I also received a sense of acknowledgment and belonging. Education: Another Slippery Slope After sending out my newsletter, I received many responses. A fellow resume writer sent me an article about how classes at Yale, our common alma mater, go on as usual on the Jewish holidays. I was surprised that I did not remember this tradition from my undergraduate years. I feel angry that there is not more of an observance of these holidays. And yet I also understand. Contemplating the 45 parking holidays in New York, I realize that accommodating all these days on a college schedule would be untenable. Still, there’s a strong voice in me saying that Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur hold enough weight that institutions should respect them. No one would ever think of scheduling classes on Christmas, would they? Give and Take In the workplace, what’s the best way to handle the holidays? Cultural sensitivity is paramount always. In some professions, workers can do a swap to accommodate everyone. For instance, Jewish police officers and nurses often work Christmas, and their Christian colleagues work for them on holidays like Yom Kippur. If you’re delivering couches to your customers, you want to be aware that sometimes a Jewish holiday will not be the appropriate time to do that. Do you send out holiday letters? Are they Christmas-themed? If so, you might be alienating some people. Do you wish people â€Å"Merry Christmas† or â€Å"Happy Holidays† in December? I have become more tolerant in my 40’s than I was as a younger woman. When people wish me Merry Christmas I say thank you and say it back to them. I’m not sure if I like this shift in myself, as it indicates some level of complacency. I still don’t like it when organizations schedule important events on days that make it impossible for practicing Jews to attend, or that flagrantly ignore the existence of sacred days. I want, at least, to be acknowledged. I’m curious to hear your own experience of your holidays. Are you acknowledged by your country’s trends and traditions? Do you acknowledge the traditions of others? What consciousness can you bring to your life and to the people around you this holiday season whenever and wherever that may be? Save Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinOctober 11, 2016 2 Comments Jan says: October 12, 2016 at 8:16 am Having grown up in suburban Philadelphia (primarily occupied by White Anglo-Saxon Protestants), I always had to take a day off of school for Rosh Hashanah (only the first day) and for Yom Kippur. In college, I actually met a Jewish guy that I fell for and we got married after graduation. He was the first Jew I had ever dated! But then I found a job out in our state capital (part of PAs Bible Belt) and I was astonished at how little my circle knew about any of the Jewish traditions (or what matzoh or Hanukkah is). When I told my new acquaintances about my wedding (at this point, we had divorced) only taking 20 minutes and that I had to schedule is at 9:00 PM (due to being the longest Saturday of the year), they were astounded. Shortly after moving away from my home area, I found out that many of the suburban Philly schools were actually closed for the High Holidays. Certainly not true in this part of the state (100 miles West of my home area). Although there are a few synagogues in this city they dont have really good bagels or kosher thinly-slice corned beef. And trying to find matzoh (some of the grocery stores get a limited number of boxes 2 months before Passover and if you wait until a week before the holiday, youll be out of luck trying to find matzoh or any Passover foods). The schools around here are not closed for our High Holy Days. And events are frequently scheduled on a High Holy Day, without so much as giving it a thought, since its just a regular work day isnt it My Rotary club is selling Christmas wreaths, as a fund raiser. And our supplier only stocks wreaths not green swags (which I would have no objection to buying and hanging). My husband is not Jewish (2nd husband), so it never occurred to him that hanging a wreath on our front door just isnt something Im comfortable with. I have made the suggestion for a couple years, that we look to a new supplier so that we can have a variety of greens to sell during the holiday season. People are more comfortable hanging out with other people who are like them. But, very often, in sticking with people who are like me, I miss out on so many cultural traditions (language, food, religious observations, traditional activities). But were not just talking about religious differences what about people whose skin is a different color than mine? Or their sexual orientation? Or their gender? Or their political views? Or their physical/mental abilities? Our nation is so very diverse but are we inclusive as well? So many of us who are different from the majority do feel left out. How many women achieve C-Level management positions? How many women achieve that career status at the same pay level as men? Many of us are trying, but our society needs a lot of education about including people who are different and who are so valuable. Today is Yom Kippur. May we all be inscribed in the Book of Life for the new year!! Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: October 12, 2016 at 8:46 am Thank you for this amazing addition and contribution Jan indeed my we all be inscribed in the Book of Life with all our beautiful diversity! What a good thing to remember as the elections approach :-). Log in to Reply

Essay on the Movie Minority Report (2002) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On the Movie Minority Report (2002) - Essay Example Under great protest, the husband is arrested and incarcerated, away from harm. When Cruise's character, John Anderton, begins to question the validity of the Pre-Crime system, he is soon himself targeted as an "enemy of the state", as it were. He notices that the female precog has an extra vision; one that is not registered on the official Pre-Crime system, and begins to investigate. This brings about the events that lead to the conclusion of the film; the founder of Pre-Crime is himself shown as no more than a murderer. After losing everything in the pursuit of this truth, including his eyes, Anderton regains the most important part of his life: his family. This is only possible after he has accepted that his kidnapped son would never return to him. After this devastating realization, Anderton is able to make a new beginning; his wife returns to him, and they have the promise of a new child. The precog siblings are also able to make a new beginning in a sort of paradise setting, secluded from the world that would exploit them. When the corruption of those in power is exposed in the film, those who suffer, namely John Anderton and the precogs, find peace. In this way, the sacrifice of the good results in corruption, while the exposure and punishment of the corrupt means peace and redemption. I. THE ROLE OF POWER AND POLITICS In terms of politics, power is a prominent theme in the film. This manifests itself in a variety of ways. Most obviously, the powers that be in terms of the Pre-Crime Department are corrupt. Secondly, there are underlying elements of social and personal morality that seek to overthrow and expose the corrupt power that rules, as well as often oppress society and also individuals. Thirdly, some authors have suggested an underlying religious theme of suffering and redemption. The most direct manifestation of political power in the film is the founder of Pre-Crime. Like many politicians, he hides the true corruption of his past under a veneer of creating the perfect, crime-free world. In this, he succeeds only for a while. The film appears to suggest, according to Tricia Snell (2007), an underlying social code of morality that continually attempts to restore the good where it has been corrupted. The main power in the film is the Pre-Crime Department. It has however itself been corrupted by means of a murder its founder committed. The representative of morality in the film is John Anderton, who has himself been so damaged by crime that he initially fails to recognize the corruption of the one thing that still provides meaning to his life. After losing his son and wife, Anderton is blind to the faults of his one remaining anchor in life. When this final connection betrays him, Anderton is forced to use his inner sense of morality as a new anchor in a world that has betrayed him on both a personal and professional level. Snell (2007) also mentions the issue of human rights in terms of how the precogs are practically imprisoned and drugged for life in order to serve the well-being of humankind. The rights of the precognitive siblings are sacrificed for the right of society to a crime-free life. In this, Anderton serves as the connection between restoring the rights of the precogs and exposing the corruption of the Pre-Crime

Short Research Paper on Audiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Short Research Paper on Audiences - Essay Example Modern approaches have holistically incorporated cultural and social aspects that were undermined by conventional approaches of engaging audience in media. Modern approaches have therefore proved to be very essential in ensuring that, audiences are fully engaged in media discussion and operations. Despite incorporating audiences’ cultural and social beliefs and perceptions, modern approaches have as well ensured that, audiences enjoy their participation in media dialogues and discussions. Moreover, present media services have instituted consistent and reliable means of ensuring that, audiences respond promptly to media activities and engagements. It is factual to conclude that, to a great extent, modern engagement approaches have significantly helped in enhancing audiences’ satisfaction with media services. The subsequent small-scale audience research project will be essential in enriching the understanding of modern audience approaches of enhancing media engagement wit h audience Research Question How does audiences approaches use, enjoy, respond, and engages with media? Research Statement Various media have in the recent decade been a very essential social instrument that facilitates harmonious interaction in modern society. Apart from informing community members on modern happenings and development, media have as well served as an exceptionally essential tool for educating community members. Moreover, researchers have rated media as one of the most critical players in enhancing social, political, and economic development. To enhance their efficiency in service delivery, modern media have instituted various mechanisms and plans of ensuring that, audiences are fully engaged in media services. Although researchers have identified various strategies of enhancing effective interaction between audiences and media, some approaches are especially essential in enhancing effective media customers engagement. The understanding of some of the most essential interaction and engagement approaches is an incredibly vital aspect in improving the quality of services offered by contemporary media institutions. Literature Review Over the years, the issue of the relationship between audiences and media has been a subject of debate among information and communication scholars as well as researchers from other social disciplines. Consistent studies have so far confirmed that, there is need for a firm and reliable mutual interaction between media and audiences. Information that is communicated by media services requires audiences’ contribution in order to realise its potential meaning and value (Treadwell 2011, p. 19). In most instances, some information do not have meaning if its lacks effective involvement of the targeted group. Based on the latest researches findings, modern scholars have highly valued the role and contribution of audiences in attaching meanings to the message that is communicated by media. At the basic level, audiences are very decisive actors in enhancing effective and meaningful communication in mass media. Media constructs and conveys information that is acquired from the various audiences. Audiences in most cases serve as immediate witnesses to some of the incidences that are reported by the media. Without the audiences, media could be inexistence. According to available research findings, to

Islamic finance RM Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Islamic finance RM - Coursework Example The unique consideration concerning credit risk in Islamic banking are current account is considered as more stable source of credit financing since it constitutes largest percentages of the finances. The five years maturity period of ijarah Sukuk is considered as the unstable fund since it takes long time for its maturity. Mudarabah, Musharakah, Qard and Ijarah are working together in the Islamic banks. Musharakah cannot perform its function without Mudarabah and it cannot work in the absence of Qard, therefore they are expected to work together. Oversight by board and management: IIFS is expected to possess a comprehensive risk management process which includes the senior management oversight for controlling the different types of credit risks. 3. Credit risk weighting for the Islamic finance institution can be explained as 400% risk weighted is applied in case of all commercial and private enterprises and 300% of risk weighted funds on Mudarabah basis for withdrawal by the investor during the short notice period. It is useful since it acts as a pledge of assets as collateral, it provides guarantee to the third party and leased assets. 1. The Rate of Return Risk mainly manages the maturities and re- pricing opportunities of the assets and liabilities of the banks. IIFS are mainly exposed to Rate of Return Risk associated with overall balance sheet exposures. It ensures that it can understand the characteristics of their balance sheet position and different currencies jurisdictions. IIFS adopts balance sheet techniques for minimizing the exposures using the strategy which includes determining the future profit ratio, developing new Shariah instrument, expectation for fulfilling the market condition and issuing securitization. Rate of Return Risk focuses on sensitive gap management for reducing the risk and minimizing the gap between maturities of

Development of Urban Civilization and Form Essay

Development of Urban Civilization and Form - Essay Example As a type of community, the city may be regarded as a relatively stable awareness of population, together with its "varied environments, social arrangements, and supporting activities, occupying a more or less discrete site, and having a cultural importance that differentiates it from other types of human settlement and association. In its elementary functions and rudimentary characteristics, however, a city is not clearly distinguishable from a town or even a large village." (Britannica, 2006) It was no accident that the earliest of man's fixed settlements originated in the rich "subtropical valleys of the Nile, the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Indus, and the Yellow Rivers or in such well-watered islands as Crete." Such regions gave encouraging ecological issues making town living comparatively simple. Pre-urban growths that covered the means for urban life also comprised such features as "traditionalism, a power structure, and a form of economic as well as social organization." Traditionalism put in the reception and broadcast of what had worked in the existence of the crowd and was consequently "right" and to be kept. New value directions and beliefs may also have influenced the route of urbanization, although their significance is still extremely speculative. Before 1800, improvements in agricultural and manufacturing methods had allowed a remarkable attentiveness of creative activity close to the sources of mechanical power-water and coal. A subsequent association of population was hastened by the excellence of the steam engine and the dominance of the factory over pre-industrial business association. Under provisions of "belt-and-pulley" authority broadcast, urban application was a means of: (1) Reducing the costs of conquering resistances in transportation and communications and (2) Maximizing interior monetary systems of extent and outside economies. A strange convergence of profitable, geographic, and technical issues in Britain guided to far-reaching transforms in such planned movements as textiles, transport, and iron, even though the educational and social requirements for industrialization were not exclusively present in any one nation,. Britain became "the workshop of the world" and London its "head office." (Britannica, 2006) Urban Planning Urban planning and redevelopment is planned at satisfying communal and financial purposes that go further than the corporal shape and arrangement of buildings, streets, parks, utilities, and other parts of the urban environment. Urban planning takes effect principally during the procedures of administration and needs the relevance of specialized methods of "survey, analysis, forecasting, and design." It may hence be expressed as a public society, as a legislative utility, or as a scientific career. Each feature has its own thoughts, narration, and theories. Together they blend into the attempt of contemporary civilization to figure and progress the surroundings within which growing amounts of civilization squander their lives: the city. For several centuries throughout the middle ages, there was small structure of cities in Europe. There is contradictory estimation on the superiority of the towns that grew up as "centres of church or feudal authority, of marketing or

Behavioural competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Behavioural competencies - Essay Example he competencies of customer focus, effective communication, interpersonal effectiveness, and relationship management to reflect the need to deal with customers in an exceptional manner. I have made the competencies as ‘generic’ as possible so that they cut across functions. Listed in the following sections are the competencies, with each having a definition and behavioural indicators for each level. The four levels are sound understanding, working knowledge, can do, and mastery and expertise. For the Senior Sales Assistant, the required level for all competencies is pegged at 3 (Can Do level). A strong drive and/or bias for producing results based on a high standard of excellence. These standards may be one’s own past performance (striving for improvement); an objective and tested measure (best practice); delivering responsive and empathic service (customer focus); or improving what anyone has ever done (innovation). Unique accomplishments and achieving performance objectives also indicate this competency. The ability to demonstrate and display self-direction or self-motivation. This includes the ability to maintain active personal energy and interest in learning as well as displaying dynamism and balance while engaging in ongoing personal development. This includes the ability to act as a role model demonstrating accountability, integrity, professional competence and trust and the ability to act in accordance to the highest standards of business ethics and protocols of the organisation. The genuine desire and ability to anticipate, understand, meet or exceed the needs of internal and external customers. This includes seeking first-hand information from customers, using own technical knowledge and consulting skill to go beyond customers expressed needs as well as taking personal responsibility for continuously raising the standard of customer service. The ability to actively listen, understand and respond appropriately when interacting with individuals

Qualitative Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualitative Analysis - Assignment Example Considering the at the beginning of the first transcript on the basis of single handed lady FLICKA(Trish), staged in home port Columbia, the transcript is a conversation between Carolin who is an interviewee and Trish who is an interviewer. According to this first script, an issue of age is raised and this shows that an interviewee who is Carolin is more concerned with getting a clue of Trish’s personal details and the way of life she is living. As questions are articulated we administer an essence of misappropriate between the two people since the question raised by Carolin about the age has been channelized into Trisha’s life history. Meanwhile, Trish is so open to analyze all that she administered in Guinea specifically in the year 1979 showing that the interviewee is concerned to know what she encountered while delivering her best on the basis of sailing women school (Trish, 2005). The interviewee uses a motivational theme especially when she asked Carolin if she encountered and acquired skills that has helped her to develop personal traits on her daily time boating to cruising. However, the interviewee uses her ability to express her concern about Trish. She went forward by telling Trisha that she is not supposed to worry what somebody did and that the best thing is to be there, to justify that you are a good sailor. From this script, it becomes vice versa as Carolin becomes an interviewee as well as Trish becoming an interviewer. The aspect of concerned is raised here with an essence of getting out more on what Trish have on about the marine environment. In her response she articulates that she is a conservationist as she is engaged in doing things naturally. There is a connection between sailing boat as ascertained by Carolin from the first script and what Trish is engaging in as she term herself as a conservationist. Getting problems that cruising communities goes through was also

Behavioural competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Behavioural competencies - Essay Example he competencies of customer focus, effective communication, interpersonal effectiveness, and relationship management to reflect the need to deal with customers in an exceptional manner. I have made the competencies as ‘generic’ as possible so that they cut across functions. Listed in the following sections are the competencies, with each having a definition and behavioural indicators for each level. The four levels are sound understanding, working knowledge, can do, and mastery and expertise. For the Senior Sales Assistant, the required level for all competencies is pegged at 3 (Can Do level). A strong drive and/or bias for producing results based on a high standard of excellence. These standards may be one’s own past performance (striving for improvement); an objective and tested measure (best practice); delivering responsive and empathic service (customer focus); or improving what anyone has ever done (innovation). Unique accomplishments and achieving performance objectives also indicate this competency. The ability to demonstrate and display self-direction or self-motivation. This includes the ability to maintain active personal energy and interest in learning as well as displaying dynamism and balance while engaging in ongoing personal development. This includes the ability to act as a role model demonstrating accountability, integrity, professional competence and trust and the ability to act in accordance to the highest standards of business ethics and protocols of the organisation. The genuine desire and ability to anticipate, understand, meet or exceed the needs of internal and external customers. This includes seeking first-hand information from customers, using own technical knowledge and consulting skill to go beyond customers expressed needs as well as taking personal responsibility for continuously raising the standard of customer service. The ability to actively listen, understand and respond appropriately when interacting with individuals

Letter to Hospital Adminstration Essay Example for Free

Letter to Hospital Adminstration Essay I am sure you are aware of some of the long standing problems which we are facing within our department and that the difficulties have only increased over the past several years.   The main problems within our division are staff incompetence and lack of resources, and many other difficulties spring from these points. The demands for improved patient services are obvious on hospital, local, state, and national levels, and yet financial and educational endeavors to support our department are pushed aside.    Staff members have been plunged into survival mode, patient care has plummeted, and morale is terrible. It is obvious that we are not practicing state of the art development, including having an overall vision and plan as well as plan implementation.   Ideas in regard to solutions have already been submitted to administration several times, and yet the sympathy we have received has not translated into action. Action is desperately needed in our department in order to provide real care to the patients we aim to serve.   The hospital has the responsibility to function as a dynamic system which operates for the wellbeing of all members.   In order to solve the many problems we face in our department, there needs to be the implementation of several specific measures which serve to restructure the department. Please take attention to the following ideas which are necessary for the building of a competent and adequately funded department, as solutions for our department are desperately needed now: Regular and positive communication between all staff members and associates, including administration. Transparency in regard to the relationships between all staff members and associates, including administration. Defining departmental practice to meet hospital mission and implement a solid mechanism for success. Streamlining of daily work by creation of maps and guidelines. Hiring of qualified staff members. Implementation of educational activities. Commitment to increased resources for items such as beds, labs, and high technology. Recruiting of a senior staff member who is contracted for department development. In looking to the latest research about dynamic hospital systems which are developing in the most progressive ways, it is easy to see what is needed for our department.   McKneally points out that â€Å"the integration of effective subsystems into a well coordinated healthcare system is an achievable ideal. Like a well trained athlete whose brain, nerves, muscles and bones are coordinated to achieve an ideal performance, the final product will require coaching, training, patience and persistence† (2006).   It is important to consider our department as a vital subsystem which must be well coordinated into the hospital system in the goal of optimal health care. It would be wonderful to be contacted as soon as possible regarding a response to the need for concrete action now for our department.   It is not fair for anyone, including administration, staff, associates, and patients, for the current situation to continue.   Health care necessitates the provision of excellent patient treatment, buoyed by successful and high quality staff members and resources.   I am confident that with enough interest being invested into our department, we can emerge as a cutting edge team of professionals within a cooperative hospital system. Best regards,

Intervention Developed from Theory of Planned Behaviour

Intervention Developed from Theory of Planned Behaviour Develop Intervention The Chosen Construct The construct feedback was decided as the most viable choice for the intervention. The intention was to increase low carbon behavioural performance by ‘nudging’ individuals to act on a series of existing prompts in order to increase the speed of the stop/start procedure. It was decided that the central hub was the ideal location for the pilot study. Owing to budgetary limitations, this intervention proved to be the only viable option and was achievable as it would build on an existing system and simplify an extremely complex task. However it was made mandatory that every shift be given the opportunity to take part. Whilst it would have been preferred to establish a control group, the team leaders stated it could bring unrest between shifts that need to be in complete symbiosis with one another. Any detrimental effect in one shift can affect all shifts and due to the extreme economies of scale with regards to energy usage at the plant, any slight change could have a costly negative effect. Rationale An energy saving intervention derived and created from identified behavioural constructs will result in lower utility costs. Based on the evidence within the literature review and the interpretation of the results from the thematic analysis and semantic questionnaires, the introduction of a feedback dashboard will significantly lower energy use at the plant. Participants The 55 participants all worked within or were connected to the open plan area of the central hub. They consisted of shift managers, group leaders, team leaders, logistics, schedulers and other operatives. Three shifts operated from this section over a 24hour period. Materials The dashboard was provided and designed by the target company. Prior to the intervention the dashboard was available by logging into a PC however this system was seldom, if ever used by the employees. In addition the researcher discovered a switched off 40’ LCD TV placed in an obscure location at a material delivery point, when the researcher switched this on, it displayed a version of the dashboard below. The intervention materials required to display this dashboard live within the central hub involved the use of a 50† plasma TV screen, a computer (Revo PC) and Ethernet connection. The dashboard was mounted in a central location which provided easy visual access to every operative who worked within the open plan offices of the central hub. Figure 14 The Feedback Dashboard Design Implementation The above dashboard works in the following manner. The 10 process lines are all monitored via numerous energy meters placed at key locations along the process line. That data is fed into a central processing unit and then displayed as a dashboard in visual form. The green running lady indicates a line is running and everything is good. If a line stops for whatever reason, the person turns and holds up a hand indicating a stop. If the person is indicating a stop and is red then the line has stopped and components are drawing power. The viewer then picks up the schedule of works – stop start system of prompts and follows the prompts to power down components. If the person is indicating a stop on the dashboard and is green, then this means enough items have been turned off and the line is at an acceptable level of usage. The feedback dashboard was installed and operated live non-stop for 8 weeks. The effects of the monitor were analysed not by retesting the constructs and disrupting the workforce, but through examining the weekly utility consumption and comparing that to past utility data. If the performance dashboard has an effect then savings in energy should be made. In addition for this period no new technology was added that could affect the energy use of the plant. Post Intervention Results Utility Results The regression graph titled ‘Energy Conversion Costs ( £/Tpiw) over last 4 years’ was generated by the targeted workplace energy team in order to assess if the intervention has been successful. The graph demonstrates that savings occurred. The energy management team reported that two weekly meter reads were the lowest ever achieved for throughput at the plant. In addition in was the first time that savings were achieved consecutively i.e. both months back to back. This graph contains the energy data from 2010 to 2014 used to create the product at this plant. The FC 10/11 dots indicate how much energy was used in the year 2010 to create the product. The X axis shows how much product was made in tonnes per 1000. The Y axis shows how much energy, expressed in British Pounds, was needed per tonne to produce the product. The FC10/11 line, is a fit line. The 11/12 12/13 fit lines were left off to simplify the interpretation of the graph. However their location is slightly under the FC10/11 for the 11/12 fit line and slightly above the FC13/14 for the 12/13 fit line. The two fit lines of interest are the FC13/14 and the FC14/15. The FC13/14 is the energy used in the year 2013 – 2014 up until the point of the implementation of the intervention. This fit line is referred to by the company as the tracking utility standard. The FC14/15 fit line is generated from the 8 weekly meter reads during the intervention. The large black squares are the weekly meter reads that create this fit line. The FC14/15 intervention fit line indicates that energy usage for this period is significantly under the FC13/14 target utility standard and that savings have been achieved. In addition the shape of the line is different. As throughput increases there is more opportunity to activate the stop/start procedure and therefore more opportunity to engage in energy saving behaviour. If the outlier at 6.2KT was closer to the FC13/14 line then the new FC14/15 fit line would initially sit on top or close to the FC13/14 standard. This is an important factor, because the normal fit line pattern over the years due to technology improvements has produced the same curve fit, the change in curve shape indicates that behaviour as opposed to technology is probably driving the utility savings. In order to provide some clarity of the effect of the intervention, a CUSUM chart was created. A CUSUM is a sequential analysis technique developed by E. S. Page with the purpose of monitoring change by calculation of a cumulative sum. The 8 weekly meter readings were used to create the CUSUM by adding how much in British Pounds was actually saved or lost over the intervention period. The X axis is the meter reads. The Y axis is the win or loss expressed in British pounds in comparison to the FC13/14 fit line. Figure 14 CUSUM Graph The CUSUM graph above indicates that approximately for the 8 week period that a saving of  £84,000 was achieved when compared to the FC13/14 energy target tracker. If these savings are sustained for a 12 month period then a saving of  £546,000 will occur (6.5 X  £84,000). The utility data and the CUSUM indicate that the intervention has been successful. This was also confirmed by the energy team who stated there had been no changes in product or significant technology upgrades. One energy manager confirmed that within this intervention period that two of the lowest meter readings for production had been achieved and for the first time in its history the plant recorded two consecutively monthly savings. However one possible confounding variable is outside temperature i.e. degree days. The energy team explained this will have an effect but the affect is not large enough to negate the findings. Three months after the intervention, the energy team are still reporting improved savin gs indicating degree days are not having a negative impact. Methodological Evaluation Validity Validity refers to the level of knowing that what a researcher believes is being measured is actually being measured. The different types of validity fall into two categories internal and external. The measuring tools for this study did not rely on one method to identified constructs and ascertain how active the constructs were within a targeted environment. Regarding internal validity, the method used a range of interviews, questionnaires and open-ended questions to obtain this knowledge. A similar pattern or analysis was derived from the thematic analysis, percentile data and multiple regressions indicating a level of face validity. The utility data provided some external validity as the change in PBC via an intervention was measured in real time in a real working plant. As this was expected, then predictive validity increases, as operatives need the tools to achieve the set goal. Overall this allows for some generalisation to other populations involved in the same manufacturing procedure but it does not necessarily translate into generalisations to other industries. However the TPB has been shown to be effective in many working environments. There were no technology changes during the intervention that could affect the energy usage of the plant. Likewise there were no product changes as the company makes the same thing repeatedly. Therefore it is probable that the cause precedes the effect in this situation. The introduction of the smart dashboard reduced the time operatives took to activate the stop start system of shut down prompts resulting in saving energy. However without retesting the model after the intervention or having data to show the increase reaction time it is only possible to claim a covariation effect as oppose to temporal precedence. Reliability Reliability refers to how consistent is the observed measure. In order to thoroughly test reliability then the study needs to be replicated at another plant. The results of these findings were presented to the company’s board, energy team, EU energy team and various plants in person and live via WebEx (Web Video Conference). The outcome of this presentation was the offer by the board to repeat the study at other plants. In essence, this can be interpreted as a measure of external reliability because the most knowledgeable individuals within this company made comparisons with this intervention and other interventions. By proxy this created a level of inter-rater reliability (Appendix E for presentation and notes). Rebound Effect Communications with the plant have been maintained and savings are still being reported at the plant and have been sustained and improved on for the 12 weeks after the intervention research deadline. There is no indication of the utility usage returning to baseline at this present time (08/01/2015). Field work issues Whilst all effort has been used to increase validity and reliability to acceptable levels, the fact of the matter is that this is not a laboratory based experiment. As a result there are trade-offs to be made requiring a degree of psychological bricolage to achieve the desired outcome. There are a mass of problems to overcome. For example the N, the number of participants was low. However despite the company having numerous employees, not all employees have influence over the energy usage. In this particular environment 55 operatives control the  £23,000,000 energy bill. Therefore they are the prime candidates for saving energy and including others would be of little value. This in turn presents challenges when using questionnaires as a Cronbach Alpha / Factor analysis would not produce the desired results due to the low N. This was catered for with the use of judges as reported earlier. Similarly the low N is not ideal for conducting multiple regression, this is why the thematic a nalysis was also created so comparisons could be made between the quantitative and qualitative data. If they produced similar results then this could cater for the low N. For example if the regression showed social norms to be low, then this should also be present in the thematic analysis, which it was. There are positives to these trade-offs as high internal validity i.e. random selection, random assignment, control group etc. can limit the generalisability / external validity of the findings. These validity factors will not exist when the study is used in the real world. This is of critical importance as research on saving carbon / energy in the workplace needs to have some form of scalability, practical value and achieve real-life results for the benefit of all. There are a range of issues and theoretical questions that need to be raised and considered between psychology conducted in strict academic settings and psychology conducted in working environments, which simply cannot be covered within this thesis. Discussion The study examined if an intervention derived from Theory of Planned Behaviour combined with psychology knowledge could reduce energy consumption in a metallurgy plant. The results indicate that TPB plus added constructs can be an effective system for developing energy saving interventions. The results clearly showed that employees saved more energy during the intervention period than at any time in the 4yrs prior to the intervention. If sustained, the intervention resulted in energy savings circa  £500,000 pa. The intervention worked by increasing the group’s perceived behavioural control via feedback. This enabled group members to use the monitor to inform them when ‘action’ was needed. The schedule of works / system of prompts enabled them to act out the required behaviours. In essence, any group member could view the live dashboard and observe a line is down and drawing power due to the red lady indicating a stop. Then they have the choice to inform other me mbers about the stop or take action themselves. In order to take action they pick up the schedule of works mounted on the office wall and follow the instructions to contact engineers to shut certain items off. The schedule is an already established and familiar system to the group members, so no new learning was required to activate the behaviour. The dashboard provided the missing trigger which in turn increased PBC and influenced behaviour. Limitations In this particular study the increase in PBC can only be inferred as it was measured via savings in energy as opposed to measuring the constructs after the intervention. However Siero (1996) argues that within metallurgy plants employees who control energy work in predominantly small groups, and therefore talk more to each other with regards to energy. Similarly comparisons and competition may have occurred between employees who were responsible for certain productions lines. This could result in begin peer pressure i.e. an operative who is not responsible for a line that is down could notify another operative that his line is down. This could lead to a conclusion that perhaps subjective norms increased, resulting in savings. However this would be a mistake, if they did exist they would be a contributory factor as opposed to a confounding variable but in order to act on them an operative would need to have the belief and means to do so i.e. PBC actual control. The research also indi cates that behaviour can change without changes in attitude. However the operative’s attitude towards energy were measured as part of the model and shown to be exceptionally positive. Perhaps attitude did play a role by increasing operatives ‘buy-in’ for the intervention? Whilst the TPB was used as a developmental tool to create the intervention, the same process could be developed by simply understanding the taxonomy of constructs identified by existing academic work in psychology. Behaviour itself can be broken down in this fashion as shown by many of the available meta-analysis of which constructs affect energy saving behaviour in given environments. A research could take measurements of these constructs and make a decisions on what construct to positively or negatively influence for the targeted environment. This notion brings into question the idea of a model. Perhaps models have more use for those who are not familiar with the taxonomy of constructs, and can be used to simplify the behaviour change process and achieve results over a short timeframe due to limited time to study behaviour at this level of reductionism. Conclusions TPB with the use of added constructs was used as a framework to ‘develop’ an intervention, as opposed to using TPB as ‘predictive’ tool to reduce energy consumption. This methodology appeared logical for field work and was well received by the target company. However this methodology required balancing act between the scientific method and practical application. Thus creating a form of psychological bricolage to achieve a working model to produce field based results. It can be concluded that this methodology based on TPB plus added constructs identified in the literature review significantly reduced energy consumption through behavioural means at this workplace. It is critical to measure utility data prior to and after behaviour change programs as the results are then truly judged in real life settings. The goal is to save energy and save carbon not theoretically but actually, by specifying the elements that make up behaviour in quantifiable terms will one s hould be able to effectively change behaviour via intervention.

The Conspiracy of Water Fluoridation Essay -- Conspiracy Theory, Fluori

Few object to the therapeutic use of fluoride to stop tooth decay, but fluoridation, the addition of fluoride to the public water supply, can spark avid controversy. Most dentists, medical groups, and government officials argue that fluoridation is a cheap and risk-free venture that doubles cavity prevention. In contrast, a small minority of dentists and conservative political groups argue that fluoride is a hazardous, poisonous substance that should not be consumed. Some antifluoridationists even claim that fluoridation is an untrustworthy form of socialized medicine. But rather than just attacking fluoridation as socialized medicine, opponents originally claimed that it was a conspiracy to poison or brainwash Americans through the water supply. This theory arose in the 1940s when the scientific community refused to endorse or reject fluoridation, thus allowing the debate to expand into the social sphere. While fluoridation opposition may be subconsciously inspired by naturali sm, the social development of fluoridation into a Communist or fascist conspiracy resulted from a conscious effort by conservatives to suppress a growing government. The fluoridation debate results from a visible conflict of paradigms; profluoridationists seek to protect the communal good, while antifluoridationists defend individual rights. According to William Gamson, â€Å"Antifluoridation literature is frequently concerned with†¦ intrusion of government into private realms and with violation of individual liberty and choice† (Gamson, 527). Such concerns are often embodied in the characterizations of fluoridation as mass medication and socialized medicine. One expression identifies water treatment as a violation of free choice while the other po... ...3 May 2003. Schrecker, Ellen. The Age of McCarthyism. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2002. The Blue Book of the John Birch Society. Belmont, Massachusetts: Robert Welch, 1961. United States. House of Representatives. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commence: Hearings on Fluoridation of Water. Washington, GPO, 1954. United States. House of Representatives. House Special Committee on Un-American Activities. Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the U.S. Volume 9. Washington, GPO, 1972. United States. Supplement to Cumulative Index to Publications of the Committee on Un-American Activities, 1955 through 1968. Washington: GOP,1970. Waldbott, George L. Fluoridation: the Great Dilema. Larwerence, Kansas: Coronado Press, 1978.

Farewell to Arms Essay -- essays papers

Farewell to Arms Death is often represented by traditional symbols ranging from the color black to the common tombstone. Besides these icons, other signs can stand for mortality including rain. In A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway associates rain with death many times. Although rain is not usually considered a symbol of death, the main character Fredric Henry discovers this natural occurrence is a personal theme he relates with death. The first time Hemingway uses the connection between rain and death is during a march to the river. The group was climbing out of the embankment to cross the road, and suddenly three shots rang out, one bullet unfortunately hitting Amyo. Fredric thought to himself, â€Å"He looked very dead. It was raining†. He does not yet see that the rain is always ...

Choir Concert Review Essay

Music has been a part of my life since as far back as I can remember, it is something that I truly enjoye and find to be very therapeatic. I have always had a love for music , going back to the days of elemantary school when I had been in music class , I always knew that music would be womething that was in my blood. Actually I am from Mongolia which is so different country compare to America . I always wanted to join singing club or choir. But i have not gotten a chance to join such a thing because of my religion. Basically , It was my first time , I had opportunity to show Choral Concert which was held on the October 9 , on the Immanuel Lutheran Church. Everyone who was in attendance was dress up so nice and they were singing from heart. I enjoyed listening to the our friends as they sung the different melodies. As i was sitting there listening to the singers sing , i think about how strong there voices are and how strong they must be to get over the big space of the performance ce nter. The choir performed a variety of songs, new spins on classic hymns and spirituals, modern treatment of old texts and a taste of pop and jazz. Songkar and Schola Contorum provided piona accompaniment for some of the songs and performed beautifully. I was extremely impressed by the talented choir members from Waldorf College and their ability to sing such a varied range of songs. The music I really enjoyed was piece by Lord of Dance and Voice Dance were a much happier song and those songs had a faster tempo than the other songs and was a great way to conclude the concert. The concert demonstrated the vocal capabilities of the Choir members. The songers were able to express different emotions through the traditional spiritual song such as † Elijah Rock † and the more torch song such as † Beautiful Savor† . The solos allowed particular students to display thier talents and the piona accompaniment provided a pleasent background for choir concert. I enjoyed watching the way the conductor conducted the choir and I noticed how much effort goes into conducting. At first , I thought that he was just waving his hands in the air, but then I realized there was a pattern to it and that not only keep it on beat but it also did other things as well. I like how when the Choir was singing that different parts of it would stop and other parts would keep going and then it would switch and the parts that stopped would start again and the ones that were singing.