Describe the employment of women in Britain in 1914 at the outbreak of war

As war broke out in 1914 around 1/3 of ladies were in some sort of paid business. Most of this was household administration or secretarial work and the vast majority acknowledged, there was a bad situation for ladies in physical work e. g. dock-working, mining or street - burrowing. A lady's job was particularly as the homemaker. They were viewed as the more vulnerable sex and the sex that had less rights than men. Good ladies were relied upon to remain at home and back the offspring of the family. They needed to comply with their spouses. England's recreation class was kept in comfort by a multitude of local hirelings. An enormous landowner with a spouse, two kids and a 62-lives house n the West End required an indoor staff of 36. A portion of the workers went with the family to its different homes †the nation house, the shoreline manor, the ‘shooting box' in Scotland †every one of which likewise had its own different staff, containing numerous ladies. The working day could be an overwhelming 17 hours in length. The most significant female hireling of the family was the servant, known by the title of ‘Mrs', she instructed a detachment of female domestics like woman's house keeper, housemaids, kitchen house keepers and the scullion who washed the dishes. High society ladies were not expected to work. They hence were associated with noble cause work and deliberate work likewise they were intensely engaged with the suffragettes. Many common laborers ladies worked the entire day at employments in their own homes, anyway some regular workers ladies worked in plants, to enhance the men's salary, which frequently wasn't sufficient. Workrooms were frequently packed, grimy, poorly lit, not well ventilated and deficiently warmed. The hours admissible under the Factory Acts in 1901 were long. Ladies and young ladies more than 14 years could be utilized 12 hours per day and on Saturday 8 hours. What's more, in specific businesses, and dressmaking was one, an extra 2 hours could be worked by ladies on 30 evenings in any a year. At the flare-up of war ladies earned around 65 percent of the male pay. The work of little task young ladies, normally just 14 years old was normal. Their work was differed †getting things done, coordinating materials, and taking out bundles, cleaning the workrooms, and frequently additionally helping in crafted by the house. To be going around doing ‘odd occupations' for the representatives of a bustling workshop was difficult work and tiring. It was not astounding that the young ladies in those workshops regularly looked exhausted and exaggerated; yet there were a lot of young ladies to have their spot, so they would not surrender. Numerous others were utilized to chip away at the outside of coal mineshafts or on fish docks at hard, tiring, physical work. A misogynist standpoint upon ladies in the working environment worked all through this period. It brought about aptitude definitions and pay differentials. Ladies' work was generally viewed as incompetent, where as a man doing likewise occupation would be viewed as talented. For instance welding was seen as a gifted activity when men did it yet when ladies became welders during the First World War it was viewed as incompetent, with ladies being paid a large portion of the male rate. White collar class ladies endeavored to get into callings as specialists, attorneys, bookkeepers and investors yet discovered it inconceivably troublesome. The assessment of men was that they were not wise enough and excessively frail sincerely accordingly unfit to adapt to the work. They found business simpler to discover as instructors, as this was managing kids and they had the option to discover work in the cubicle ventures as representatives, telephonists and secretaries. Anyway female agents would win short of what 33% of the male compensation, and a female typist would win i1 seven days contrasted with i3 seven days earned by a man. Ladies from the upper and white collar classes came to have more open doors in the late nineteenth century. This was especially so in training. Advanced education was available to ladies, in spite of the fact that they were limited in taking degrees in either Oxford or Cambridge. Most ladies needed such chances. Ladies for the most part moved into the low-aptitude, low-pay ‘sweat shop' segment as they were denied access to the new advances. Female assembly line laborers were commonly more awful rewarded than men in pay, preparing and openings, and the worker's guilds principally male associations co-worked with the administration or the meaning of aptitudes, which influenced pay, were constrained by men and supported them; gifted ladies were ineffectively perceived. Ladies were likewise paid piece rates and discovered their pay brought down in the event that they earned excessively. One processing plant investigator commented that ‘What would one be able to do when a young lady is acquiring as much as 15 shillings every week except bring down the piece rate? ‘ In a study not long before the war the social pundit and reformer, S. Rowntree, had contended that i1 seven days was vital so as to live above destitution however not many ladies got this sum. In J. M Barrie's parody What Ever Woman Knows (1908), John Shand, the railwayman turned MP, owes his prosperity as a debater to his better half Maggie, who has changed his exhausting talks when she composed them up. Ladies had accomplished some level of conjugal uniformity and been given some instructive open doors by 1914. They had additionally started to make a few advances into customary male occupations and they had concentrated political activity on winning the vote.

Operating Systems and Networking Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Working Systems and Networking - Coursework Example This prompted a phenomenal increment in understudy populace from 900 to 1,500, in 2 years. Plainly, the understudy populace and the quantity of staff individuals had grown out of the physical framework at the school. In such manner, the school the executives, in 2004, chose to open a constituent school or grounds in East London, to provide food for the step by step expanding understudy and staff populace. With the point of meeting assorted work necessities of the general public, the school presented, once more, two all the more course, Finance studies and Computer Engineering. Subsequently, the understudy populace expanded to around 2,000, as did the staff individuals. This prompted the opening of a third grounds in 2008 in North London. Furthermore, the school propelled Distance and Open Learning program that focused understudies both inside and outside London. This move prompted an expansion in understudy populace from 2,000 to 3,000. The London College of Law and IT, as at today, has three constituent universities or grounds inside the more prominent, including, the School of Law, School of IT and the School of Finance and Accountancy. Furthermore, the school likewise has 10 open-learning study focuses outside London and has more than 3, 000 understudies altogether and in excess of 100 staff individuals (both low maintenance and fulltime scholastic staff). All the three grounds are free as far as organization and have staff workplaces, understudy auditoriums, student’s lobbies of habitation, PC research center, and a library. Every one of the 10 investigation communities have an authoritative office, a library that bends over as a PC research center, three examination/perusing rooms-1 for law understudy, 1 for IT understudies, and 1 for Finance and Accounting understudies which likewise bends over as assessment focuses. In all the three grounds and the 10-study focus, there a few assigned Wi-Fi hotspots that serve understudies with PCs and tablets. Lo ndon College of Law and IT faces hardened rivalry from different schools in London that offer Law, IT, monetary investigations, or both. Prominent rivalry incorporates the Imperial College London, King’s College London, London College of Law, University College of London, and London College of Legal Studies, among others. b. Necessity Analysis: Computer systems connect an assortment of PCs, equipment and programming through specific programming, cabling frameworks and different gadgets, accordingly empowering their clients to cooperate by sharing records and different assets, for instance, printers and scanners (N. Olifer and V. Olifer, 2006). Today, PC systems are significant; they shape the manner in which we live, study, work or play. They empower us to impart, cooperate, learn, and team up in manners that we were unable to do previously. For higher foundations of learning, for example, colleges and universities, advanced correspondence with voice, video and information is basic to accomplishing todays instructive and learning targets. In this manner, a well and appropriately thought of and planned system is a fundamental necessity for meeting everyday institutional capacities or for working together (White, 2012). Improving PC systems empower us to appreciate better and solid information speeds, and new energizing administrations and applications, for example, video conferencing, IP communication, instruction, internet business and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Structuring another system would profit the London

Application PDF Preview Notes COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Application PDF Preview Notes COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We recently became aware of a slight issue I wanted to share concerning the PDF preview function on the application site. Before you submit your application you will have the ability to preview it in PDF format.     On the PDF you have the ability to view prior to submitting your application certain applicants might see blank values in some of the fields, or incorrect values.   There is a bug in the system that is impacting the PDF and we have been unable to solve the issue. For example, applicants to our MPA-DP program may see a blank value in Degree Program box and applicants that are required to submit TOEFL scores might not see a score value in one of the test score sections.   Also, the the concentration or specialization on the PDF may not match what you entered into the application. We actually view a different PDF in our office and we are experiencing no errors with the PDF that we print to review your application. The errors are only happening in the preview mode for some applicants as they view the PDF on the application site. In summary, while there is some value in previewing the PDF, if some of the values are not displayed or are not displayed correctly in these areas as you preview your application as a PDF, please do not let it concern you. As long as the information you enter on the application is correct and you view it as correct on the application itself all of the values will print correctly in our office. We apologize for any inconvenience.

The Captivating Conspiracy of President John F. Kennedy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 536 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Politics Essay Tags: John F Kennedy Essay Did you like this example? A conspiracy theory is a theory that explains an event or set of circumstances as the result of a secret plot by usually powerful conspirators (Conspiracy Theory). One of the most renowned conspiracy theories involves the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Captivating Conspiracy of President John F. Kennedy" essay for you Create order The President was shot by a man named Lee Harvey Oswald. Contrary to the widely accepted belief that Lee Harvey Oswald planned this alone, conspiracy theorists believe that he planned the assassination as part of a larger group of people, the Soviet Union. The theory that Oswald was working alongside the Soviet Union is proven by Oswalds connection with them and his unusual actions leading up to the assassination. The first reason why this theory is true is Lee Harvey Oswalds connections to the Soviet Union. After leaving the Marines he moved to the Soviet Union and tried to renounce his citizenship (Meltzer and Ferrell 133). Oswald lived in the Soviet Union for three years. While there, he married a Soviet woman. He also applied for citizenship but was denied, which caused him to attempt suicide (Meltzer and Ferrell 133). Oswald wanted to live in the Soviet Union rather than the United states which shows that he supported the them more than his own native country. This information supports the theory that Lee Harvey Oswald was working with the Soviet Union in the assassination of the president because it displays the suspicious relationship between Oswald had with them. The second reason it is likely that Oswald was working alongside the Soviet Union is Oswalds peculiar actions prior to the assassination. In 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald founded part of a pro-castro organization in New Orleans. Also, in September 1963, Oswald went to Mexico City. There he tried to get a visa to go to Cuba or return to the Soviet Union (November 22). Additionally, Oswald made a phone call to the Soviet embassy in Mexico City about two months before the assassination (Stanglin). The call indicates Oswald visited the embassy on Sept. 28 and spoke with the embassy consul, Valeriy Kostikov, who the report identified as a member of the KGB assassination department working undercover at the Soviet embassy in Mexico City (Stanglin). These unusual events help prove the theory that Lee Harvey Oswald was working with the Soviet Union. In conclusion, there are to many suspicious factors in Oswalds life for it to be likely that he planned the assassination alone. Therefore, it could not be a coincidence that he had that many connections to the Soviet Union. This proves that Lee Harvey Oswald was working with them in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. If the United States government had believed in this theory, how could it effect the United States relationship with Russia today? Works Cited Conspiracy Theory. Merriam-Webster.com, Merriam-Webster, www.merriam webster.com/dictionary/conspiracy theory. Accessed 13 Nov. 2018 Meltzer, Brad, and Keith Ferrell. History Decoded: The 10 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time. Workman Publishing Company, Inc., 2013. November 22, 1963: Death of the President. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/november-22-1963-death-of the-president. Stanglin, Doug. JFK Assassination Files: Oswald Meets KGB Officer at Soviet Embassy in Mexico City. USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 4 Nov. 2017, www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/11/04/jfk-assassination-files-documenew-release-covers-oswald-calls-soveit-embassy-mexico-city-soviet-spie/832138001/.

Why Do Individuals Commit Crimes - 906 Words

Psychodynamic Theory The reason for criminal behavior has been studied for years. There is a basic question, why do individuals commit crimes? There have been many different suspicions or theories as to why crimes are committed. Some may believe in the theories while others disagree with them. Some may have strong beliefs that certain individuals choose to act a certain way, while others may believe that their actions are out of their control. There is also a theory that negative, criminal behavior is a learned one, some say it is inherited. There is one theory that stems back to the 1800s with Sigmund Freud as the father, the theory of psychological thought. Theory Defined As part of the psychological theories, the psychodynamic theory describes those views that â€Å"some people encounter problems during their early development that cause an imbalance in their personality† (Siegel Worrall, 2014, page 95). This theory falls under a guilty but insane defense. These people are mentally incompetent to defend themselves and were mentally unstable at the time of the offense. â€Å"The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality† (McLeod, 2007). These individuals suffer from real psychotic diseases. Because these individuals are mentally and unconsciously unaware of their behavior,Show MoreRelatedWhy do individuals commit crimes?1381 Words   |  6 PagesTHEORIES OF CRIME Uka 5 THEORIES OF CRIME Uka 6 Can I Have Some Theory With That Crime? Why do individuals commit crimes? Society today is very well concerned with this matter. In todays time, there are psychologists, criminologists, biologists, and sociologists searching for an answer. In reality, the answer to this question is very hard to find out. 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These reasons include: The Prison System, drugs, depression and o ther socialRead MoreRoutine Activity And Situational Crime Prevention Theory1082 Words   |  5 PagesRoutine activity theory states that for a crime to be committed, three important factors need to be present including: a motivated offender, an accessible target, and the absence of a capable guardian against a violation. Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen introduced the routine activity theory in 1979, where they believed that an individual who has these three characteristics gives them a greater possibility of committing a crime. Moreover, situational crime prevention is known as strategies of waysRead MoreBehavioral Learning Theory Essay901 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment as well as societys impact on how an individual acts which might be the reason for criminal behavior. This theory blames the environment as well as the individual by saying it is a learned behavior and that it also was a choice they made. 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Persuasive Speech Free Essays

Persuasive Speech Length 4-5 minutes PLEASE! Use Proper Safety Restraints in your Vehicle ?Adult restraints – ?Why are they important ?What happens if you don’t use them NO SEATBELT NO EXCUSE! †¢Let me start by saying that YES there are cases where you are better off NOT wearing a seatbelt but those cases are FAR FAR outweighed by the ones where you are better off wearing it. In the past few weeks there have been more than a few news stories about people being killed in car crashes. It doesn’t matter how safe or careful you are, you can’t always predict what others are going to do and especially here in the south you can’t predict with the animals are going to do. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the CDC, Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among Americans age 5-34. Adult seat belt use is the most effective way to save lives and reduce injuries during a crash, yet millions of Americans don’t wear seat belts. Motor vehicle crashes are a major public health problem. Young people ages 18-24 have the highest crash related injuries. One in four of you will either be injured or killed in a car wreck this year! †¢What is the impact of seat belt use? Studies have shown that using your seat belt has reduced serious crash-related injuries and deaths by about 50%. †¢You say – you don’t need to wear your seatbelt, your car has airbags†¦ Air bags provide added protection but are not a substitute for seat belts air bags alone tend to do more harm than good. †¢You say you are only going â€Å"down the road† – most accidents happen within 2 miles of your home or work place. You say – â€Å"I’m in the backseat†. It doesn’t matter where in the car you are – people in the back seat can AND DO get hurt just as often as those in the front. †¢Everyone else has their seatbelt on – Even if everyone else in the car has on their seatbelt – it only takes one to severely injury or kill others in the car. †¢I don’t want to wrinkle my outfit – but it’s ok to have it cut off you at the hospital because you were thrown out of your car in a wreck and didn’t have your seatbelt on? I would like to share a short video with you – I found this one on the internet but still think it make help you visualize what really happens when you don’t have your seatbelt on in a crash. I tried to find one that wasn’t very graphic but still got my point across. VIDEO! Now that you have heard and seen what can happen when you get in a car without your seatbelt I sincerely hope that each of you will not only wear YOUR seatbelt but insist that everyone in the car with you wears theirs too! If these things have not convinced you scared you enough to wear your seat belt, remember that it IS the law so CLICK IT OR TICKET! How to cite Persuasive Speech, Essays Persuasive Speech Free Essays â€Å"REFLECTION #3† When John the Baptist baptized Jesus, a beautiful thing happened. God showed to everyone who were present that ‘Jesus’ was ‘the One Who is anointed by God’. That means that Jesus was God the Father’s Chosen One, the One Who God had promised to send to save the people He loved. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Jesus was anointed, He was anointed with the Holy Spirit and the power of God. This anointing proved that Jesus was God! The public life of Jesus began with His Baptism on the shore of the Jordan River. It ended with Jesus commanding the Apostles to â€Å"go and make disciples of all, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and the Son and the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that He had commanded them. † These Words of Jesus from the Holy Bible teach the Christians the great importance of the Sacrament of Baptism. These Words of Jesus from the Holy Bible teach the Christians the great importance of the Sacrament of Baptism. This is the most beautiful thing that happens to a person during the Sacrament of Baptism, something that most Christians do not even realize. This transformation is what it means to be reborn. God actually creates a new heart and a new spirit within the convert who is being baptized. The person is truly not the same anymore, part of his creation having been changed. When Jesus commanded the Apostles to go into the entire world and to preach the Gospel to the whole creation, that those who believe be baptized and saved, Jesus made faith an important part of the Sacrament of Baptism along with the forgiveness of sin. A person cannot be baptized unless he sincerely repents of his sinful nature and has faith in Jesus Christ as Savior, the Giver of the Holy Spirit and the new birth. Before receiving the Sacrament of Baptism, the old self, the heart and human spirit, were stained by the original sin and all the other sins that the person had committed before being baptized. During the Sacrament of Baptism, all of this was crucified with Jesus so that the sinful body may be destroyed, the person no longer being a slave to sin. When a person is baptized, the old inclination of his heart and spirit die and are buried with Christ. When a person is baptized, he is devoted to God. He has a responsibility to promote Christianity. Some people choose to become living sacrifices so they can enjoy a greater daily personal relationship with God. This is seen in those who consecrate their lives to God, the priests, the religious brothers and sisters and the missionaries. These Christians are required by their consecration to do missionary work according to the mandate of their religious Orders to which they belong. And Baptism was a means of grace. God’s grace came upon Jesus when He was baptized. God grace comes upon any humans when they are baptized. It is just that if a human is not baptized, a belief in God is most likely going to lead that person to wanting to receive God’s grace. However, it is only God and Jesus that knows the heart of that human. There are certainly unbaptized humans that purely believe in God and Jesus. Let us remember not to judge upon if a person is baptized or not. After all, it is not said those who are unbaptized will perish. It says those that do not believe will parish. How to cite Persuasive Speech, Essays Persuasive Speech Free Essays Slide 1 Why buy an American made vehicles you ask? I’ll tell you why because buying American made vehicles creates American made jobs. Everyone knows that American made vehicle’s make a distinctive sound. Take for instance the Ford mustang and the Chevy corvette. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Who doesn’t like the sound of these vehicles or design? A few things I will discuss about American made manufactures will be the quality they put forth in designing these vehicles, the job security it helps with in America and how American manufactures have now stepped up to the plate with their new innovated designs for the auto industry. Let’s take it a step further J. D. Power Associates recently released their results of the â€Å"2012 dependability survey†. This survey ranked 37 different automakers based upon how many complaints Vehicle owners reported. To no surprise the survey showed that two of the top four ranking vehicles were held by luxury car makers Lexus, Porsche you can’t argue that. But right behind them followed two American car makers Lincoln and Cadillac that’s 2 out of 4 for America. Slide 2 Here is a graph on how America made Quality vehicles compared to the foreign vehicle makers. Look people it speaks for itself here are the true facts. J. D. Power and Associates study of the quality of American made vehicles shows that American made vehicles have been produced with better quality since the 1999 study. Both foreign and domestic car makers have steadily declined in their quality but still holding strong Domestics are still on top. Slide 3 A U. S. News report showed that Ford and GM have increased their customer satisfaction over the past five years and have been rated the highest of all vehicle manufactures in the past two years in a row. With Ford at 87% and GM at 84. % these studies don’t lie they come from real customers and real vehicle owners. American’s can and do build quality and with quality you get a product that last longer and is more dependable. Slide 4 The Ford focus was voted best small compact car and won the J. D. Power award for 2012. Now why wouldn’t you want to own that? Slide 5 The Ford Mustang won the best midsize car , Come one now people it has been everyone’s dream to own a car like that but that’s not it the Slide 6 Ford fusion Ranked second for the best large size car and won the satisfaction award for large size sedans in 2012 from J. D. Power awards associates. In the latest J. D. Power dependability study Ford has now rivaled Japan in manufacturing of vehicles; GM’s Buick division has now tied with Jaguar for the first time in years. Buick also beat out foreign makers Toyota and Lexus From 8 out of 11 car segment awards the car manufacture GM has climbed to the top with their new models with three first place finishes in best all-around, best designed vehicle, and at something we all like to hear when it comes to purchasing a vehicle lowest pricing, but most reliable. Slide 7 Slide 8 Well let’s talk about what the auto industry does for us Americans. Well for starters Creating American made jobs creates American revenue. Slide 9 That revenue is like the food chain in the animal planet it revolves in equality for the American economy. When we don’t buy American vehicles we are hurting America’s economy, not buying these American made cars hurt the manufactures. The more American made vehicles we sell the better job growth is and the better Americas economy can get. It’s a no brainer people. Slide 10 According to the Congressional Budget office in 2011 over the past decade 100,000 jobs have been lost in America’s auto industry from importing and manufacturing products overseas. GM and Chrysler where both bailed out by the Obama industry we all remember that, while American manufacturer Ford still ran strong, but in doing so they created more jobs, because it was viable to the American people to finally step up and help with the economy. The auto industry is an integral part of our nation. The Detroit car industry is like the aircraft manufactures both private industries’ play an enormous part on are economic growth. When you buy that American made vehicle you help America with job security, lower vehicle cost and create innovated technology for other car manufactures to design, just to try and keep up with today’s trends. Listen people American’s have been asking for this for years now the message we have all asked for has been answered. â€Å"Make a product that suits the needs of the consumer, and we will buy†. This has been fulfilled by the American auto industry of today. So stop waiting and start buying. Innovated design Slide 11 America does make fuel-efficient vehicles. Such as the Chevy volt that gets an estimated 93 to 37 Mpg. Talk about gas miliage people. Now who would have thought that America could keep up with these innovated fuel designs? Oh, but they have and they are not only building these vehicles to keep up, but also staying on the top of the charts as having some of the top Fuel efficient vehicles. Take the Ford Fusion or maybe the Ford Escape or Chevy Malibu to name a few these vehicles rank among the top in fuel economy in today’s industry. These vehicles are not only keeping up with today’s auto manufactures they are staying ahead. The American auto industry is now allowing â€Å"Payment protection plans† on their vehicles like Hyundai and other foreign auto makers. Most foreign products are made very cheap and are imported from poor nations. You ever heard that saying â€Å"Made by the cheapest bidder† Well that’s how some of these foreign vehicles parts are produced. Who wants to own one of these. Slide 12 Slide 13 Did you know that the Ford industry has been rated #1 the last two years in a row for having the best quality and lowest priced vehicle’s basically the best bang for your buck. Slide 14 Slide 15 Well the Ford Fiesta has been ranked #1 by KBB two years running in the small compact car line at just over $12,000 and in second also a Slide 16 domestic vehicle manufacture is the Chevy Aveo yes its ugly but it still serves a purpose and it’s also rated the best bang for your buck vehicle at just over $13,000. Now that you have the knowledge of why to buy an American made vehicle. You should understand that there is no good reason to buy a foreign made vehicle and every reason not to. There are cars built right here in America that are of equal or better quality. Buying an American made car is one way for ordinary individuals to make that small difference in today’s economy and securing jobs for future Americans, the same way environmentalist have been pushing hybrid vehicles America has innovated their vehicle’s designs to not only compare to the foreign auto market, but be rated higher than those foreign vehicle manufactures. So, America stand up and park some patriotism in your drive way. Slide 17 Slide 18 How to cite Persuasive Speech, Essays Persuasive Speech Free Essays Anna Rash November 9, 2009 Persuasive Speech Outline Comm Lab 150 Section 10 Mandatory Physical Education General Purpose: To persuade Speech Goal: I want to persuade my classmates that physical education should be mandatory in grades K-12, yet reforms should be made to make it mandatory. Introduction: I. How many times have you thought about wanting to work out to keep up a â€Å"fit and healthy† lifestyle, but did not know the criteria for a certain workout or even how much you should be doing during a week? Making physical education in grades kindergarten through 12th grade will help teach you these lifelong skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now II. Physical education should be mandatory in grades K-12 for the following three reasons: A. Learning how to live a healthy lifestyle B. Avoiding obesity C. Decreasing depression and anxiety Body: I. Children need to learn how to live a healthy lifestyle. A. According to Jessica Barron from an article on Associated Content, â€Å"Physical education is necessary in schools to effectively teach children how to manage their lives in a healthy way. Children are less likely to care about their health if they are not told why health is important than children who are educated about nutrition and exercise. † B. While physical education needs to educate students in the classroom about how to eat better and maintain a healthy lifestyle, they also need to learn how sports can be enjoyable. According to an article written by Jessica Barron on Associated Content, most children do not know that sports can be fun and enjoyable if they are not made to at least try them. Without physical education, these children will never be trying any sports. Sometimes they even miss finding a hidden talent. C. According to the American Heart Association, elementary students should be required to have at least 150 minutes per week, while middle school students should be required to have at least 225 minutes per week, and high school students have to complete a physical education requirement prior to graduation. D. If learning how to live a healthy lifestyle is engrained into your memory, you are more likely to continue doing it when you graduate high school and attend college, which is something we can all find relative. Transition: Along with learning how to live a healthier lifestyle, the risk of obesity as a teenager and adult can be avoided with a better lifestyle. II. Obesity is a continuing problem among children. When children do not learn how to take care of their bodies, it can follow them into their adult life, which increases health risks majorly. A. Nearly 10 million children ages 6-19 are considered overweight. (American Heart Association). B. â€Å"In 1971 only 4% of overweight adolescents made up the population. That number has nearly quadrupled into 17% in 2003† (American Heart Association). C. Physical education needs to begin early and continue all throughout high school (K-12) because nearly two-thirds of Americans are overweight, and one in five four year olds are already obese according to The USA Today. D. Obesity can cause increased risk in certain health issues, including heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, and osteoarthritis, cited from the WebMD. Transition: By making physical education mandatory, obesity can be avoided along with decreasing depression and anxiety, which will ultimately help weight as well. III. Physical education can help maintain a positive attitude and decrease depression. This is crucial during teenage years because you are transitioning through different stages and friendships. A. After conducting an experiment in young females, psychologists found that after 5 50-minute light jogging/exercise programs for 8 weeks, depressive states significantly decreased compared to young females who just did daily activities (European Public Health Association). B. â€Å"One recent study found that a good workout could boost your level of serotonin, a brain chemical that is linked to mood,† according to Kate Lee, a consumer health activist. C. Increasing this serotonin is exactly what children need in their lives to decrease signs of depression. D. According to the American Psychological Association, suicide, which is mainly caused by depression, is the third highest death rate among teenagers. Physical exercise being made mandatory in schools can help prevent this. E. This statistic should be widely remembered when certain lobbyists begin advocating against physical education because schools cannot fund it, or because physical education is not in the standard â€Å"academic curriculum. Transition: If physical exercise and education is something that can fight against depression, then why should schools be cutting it out of their curriculums and adding in harder academic classes where the students are concentrating for eight straight hours a day? Conclusion: I. After the points I have given, you should be able to see why physical education must be mandatory in our school systems for grades kindergarten through 12th gra de. II. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and exercising is key to a happier life and mood day to day. Decreasing anxiety will make you feel better overall, therefore keeping your weight at a healthy level. III. Physical education and proper exercise can do no harm, therefore why should it not be in school systems all over the country? Barron, Jessica. â€Å"Physical Education in Schools. † Associated Content (2006): 1-3. Web. 3 Nov 2009. . â€Å"Day Care next frontier in fighting childhood obesity. † USA Today 13 Oct 2009: n. pag. Web. 3 Nov 2009. . Lee, Kate. â€Å"Can exercise really improve my mood?. † Healthy Me (2009): n. pag. Web. 1 Nov 2009. . Nabkasorn, Channuda, Nobuyuki Miyai, Anek Sootmongkoi, Suwanna Junpraset, and Hiroichi Yamamoto. Effects of physical depression, neuroendocrine stress hormones and physiological fitness in adolescent females with depressive symptoms. † European Public Health Association 16. 2 (2005): 179-184. Web. 3 Nov 2009. . â€Å"Physical Education in Schools. † American Heart Association. 2009. American Heart Associ ation, Web. 28 Oct 2009. . â€Å"Teen and Young Adult Suicide: A National Health Crisis. † American Psychological Association (2001): n. pag. Web. 3 Nov 2009. . â€Å"Weight Loss: health risks associated with obesity. † Web MD. 05 May 2009. WebMD, Web. 3 Nov 2009. . How to cite Persuasive Speech, Essays Persuasive Speech Free Essays Laura Boreen Neilson Intro to Public Speaking 14 November 2010 Persuasive Speech Reduce Landfill Waste by Reduce, Reuse and Recycling and the financial benefits I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Over half of the waste that ends up in the landfill does not belong there because it could have been recycled or reused. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now B. Credibility Statement: Not only do I religiously practice reducing, reusing, and recycling, but I have done a great deal of research for this speech, also research for a recycling project in my Human Concerns Class. C. Significance/Identification Statement: The survey that I conducted with this class concluded that every one of us acknowledges that recycling is beneficial, yet only 60%, a little over half, of us actually do. D. Thesis Statement: When I am through with this speech you will be convinced that reducing, reusing and recycling will keep unwanted items out of the landfill, can easily be done and while implementing the 3 R’s reduce, reuse, recycle can make and save you money. E. Preview Statement: I will present the current problem of overusing landfills, offer specific ways to implement the 3 R’s: and how the 3 R’s can benefit your financial situation. Connective: First let us look at the landfill. Or as Daniel Pike in the state journal register calls it â€Å"the graveyard of a disposable society. † II. Body A. Consumers are quick to buy and do not think when it comes time to dispose of the waste. 1. According to factmonster. com 62% of municipal waste is dumped in the landfill. A single individual contributes roughly 4 pounds of that waste per day. In that waste you’ll find tons of glass, tons of paper and cardboard; also enormous tons of food residues, yard trimmings, textiles, and plastics currently, there are over 3,000 active landfills in the US. 2. A series on the history channel called â€Å"†life after people† discusses how varies landmarks, the environment, and certain â€Å"stuff† will look like or be like when this earth is no longer inhabited by people. Though I won’t share my views on the particle subject, I did find the episode about waste very empowering. I would like to share that with you. www. history. com/shows/life-after-people/videos/life-after-people-trash Connective: Now let’s look at ways to keep waste out of the landfills. B. The answer to help alleviate the overuse of landfills are reducing, reusing, and recycling of waste. 1. Reducing your waste should be thought of first. If you don’t have the waste to begin with than you don’t have to worry about where it is going to end up. According to Monique Beaudin, who wrote the article â€Å"Putting the first â€Å"R† into action; using the ‘Reduce’ step makes a bigger impact than you would think. † Printed in The Gazette, 2010 â€Å"Reducing is often in the shadow of the easier R-recycling. One specific way that will reduce waste is coming up with the holidays. Giving gifts can produce lots of waste whether it be, packaging of the item and/or the wrapping paper around the packaging. In the same article mentioned above by Monique Beaudin, she encourages holiday shoppers to buy less packaged gifts and give an experience, such as concert tickets for a gift. Therefore saving waste. Something to also consider when being mindful of reducing is buying bulk food items. This will help eliminate packaging waste and will usually be cheaper per ounce. Saving you money. Buying bulk will also help you with food waste. The important thing to remember when you want to save money and eliminate waste by buying bulk is to prepare a meal plan before you buy. A meal plan will encourage you to eat at home reducing the temptation of eating fast food resulting in wrappers that will end up in the trash. When I do my meal planning for the week I will always leave a few lunches and a dinner slot open for leftovers, so that I don’t have the option to throw food away. 2. The second rule regarding the 3R’s is reusing. This can be, but is not limited to reusing your own waste for a different purpose. For example, using a leftover coffee can for loose nails or screws, or even washing and reusing a plastic zip-loc bag instead of throwing it in the garbage. Thrift shopping is a way of reusing someone else’s unwanted goods. As I spoke about in an earlier speech about thrifting, I included many locations and ways to thrift, also the benefits to the shopper and the donator. One place in particular was shopping at the local boys and girls club. I personally shop there, keeping my eyes open for a good deal. For example, the pair of jeans that I am wearing today was purchased from this store just a few months ago. I paid only $8. 0 for this pair of Lucky Jeans and according to buckle. com, a retailer for lucky jeans the retail price is $99. 00 that is a savings to me of $91. 00. I am not the type to worry about name brands, but quality usually does cost more. If I can get a quality pair of jeans at a fraction on the price, I am glad to shop at the thrift store. I am thankful to the person that made the donation of the lucky jeans and they can benefit from that donation. According to the IRS webpage, IRS. Gov it explains that an individual can donate items like clothing, household furniture and furnishings, a car or boat, even taxidermy. The donations are appraised, by the donator, and recorded. At the time of filing taxes if the donation equals at least $500 for the year, the donator may take advantage of the tax benefits. Simply summarized, reusing benefits the consumer and the donator while keeping items out of the landfill. 3. Let’s now look at recycling, the most thought of way to elimate waste in the landfill. According to the Environmental Protection Agency webpage, EPA. gov â€Å"Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources. Collecting used bottles, cans, and newspapers and taking them to the curb or to a collection facility is just the first in a series of steps that generates a host of financial, environmental, and social returns. Some of these benefits accrue locally as well as globally. † Our family benefits from recycling so we take it somewhat serious. In terms that we recycle everything that can be. Every month we take our recyclables, all plastic, steel, glass, paper and aluminum cans, to Minnkota, the local recycling center, and except the return in the form of a check. If you would prefer not to take cash, Minnkota has the ability to donate your profit to any local establishments. There are 54 organizations to choose from including, boy scouts, churches and the city pound. Minnkota pays a penny a pound on all material, although aluminum cans yield a higher return, which I recently received . 45 cents per pound. This past month, the check I received, for 1 month’s recycleables for our family of 3 was $7. 45. This may not seem like much, but it will add up. What I do is deposit the checks into our Christmas club savings account. This account yields a rate of . 5 percent. After 12 months of deposits, averaging $7. 45 per month, our account will reflect roughly $89. 00. That is more than we started with and proof that recycling pays and keeps reusable goods out of the landfills. Don’t forget that buying recycled products, such as paper, helps the environment and also is really the main focus of the movement, going green. There would be no need to recycle to begin with, if we are not willing to use the product that is made from the recycled goods. Consumers that buy recycled goods â€Å"closes the loop†, states the University of Arkansas. Connective: Let’s look our own waste and what can be saved from the landfill. DEMO. III. Conclusion A. Closure Statement/Review of Main Point: In closing, we now recognize that landfills are overly used and dumped with valuable materials and have been exposed to ways to reduce, reuse and recycle. In doing so we are turning trash to treasure and waste into money, just in the time of this speech I have benefited your wallet $180! B. Restate Thesis: Reducing, reusing, and recycling keeps valuables out of the landfill, it’s easy to do and when it influences our finances will motivate you. C. Clincher: The change starts with us. This waste has been tossed by students and staff throughout the day. Look at the amount that would not have to be in the landfill. Next time you decide to make a purchase and then ultimately discard it or its waste; reach in your wallet and consider your funds, than ask your self, can this item be donated, reused or recycled. Works Cited Pike, Daniel. â€Å"Garbage Mountain†. State Journal Register   6   May  2005, ProQuest Newsstand,  ProQuest. Web. 3 Dec. 2010. â€Å"http://www. factmonster. com/ce6/. html. † The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 1994, 2000-2006, on Fact Monster. 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Fact Monster. 05 Dec. 2010 . â€Å"http://www. factmonster. com/ce6/. html. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 1994, 2000-2006, on Fact Monster. 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Fact Monster. 05 Dec. 2010 . Intro to Speech classmates. â€Å"recycle survey†. Boreen, Laura. 3. Nov. 2010 â€Å"Trash†. The History Channel website. 2010. 3 Dec. 2010. Beaudin, Monique. †Å"Putting the first ‘R’ into action; Reduce, reuse, recycle. Using the ‘Reduce’ step makes a bigger impact than you might think. †Ã‚  The Gazette   25   Oct. 2010, ProQuest Newsstand,  ProQuest. Web. 7 Nov. 2010. Buckle. 3 Dec. 3 â€Å"Publication 526† Interneal Revenue Service. 3. Dec. 2010 â€Å"Recycling† Enviromental protection Agency. 5 May 2010. 3 Dec. 2010. How to cite Persuasive Speech, Essays

Understand Current National and Organisational Policies and Practices for Literacy Development free essay sample

They must be given the opportunity within all different subject areas to use and extend their language so that their thinking skills progress to a higher level. The literacy curriculum is for pupils to explore and expand on how language works and to gain knowledge of various genres and situations. The Primary Framework for Literacy is to support and increase all children’s access to excellent teaching, leading to exciting and successful learning. I am currently working in KS2 (year 4). My teacher will set the lesson for each day in accordance with the National Curriculum. The lesson is broken down and put on to a daily lesson plan. Prior to the lesson she will go over the plan in more detail with me and give me ample time to prepare any resources required. For the lesson, the class are divided on to tables so that children of the same ability are placed together. We will write a custom essay sample on Understand Current National and Organisational Policies and Practices for Literacy Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am usually put with the lower able children as they are in need of the extra support. In a typical lesson in class, the teacher will teach the whole class activity. This gives the children the opportunity to put forward and share their ideas. The teacher then gives the work to the groups which will depend on their ability. In my setting, literacy lessons are conducted every other day whilst a reading and writing based lesson, called Read, Write Ink, is provided every day in small groups (usually about 12) where the children are of similar ability. Teaching assistants are responsible for their own group and follow the plans issued by the author of the lessons. The literacy format in class varies from week to week whereas Read, Write, Ink follows the same format for five days at a time but refers to a different story book each week. Read, Write, Ink was brought into the school to assist the children in their phonic knowledge as this was found to be lacking throughout the school. It is the responsibility of the teachers that children are placed in certain ability groups and they also track their progress. Children have talk partners to sound out their ideas before moving onto independent work in both literacy and Read, Write, Ink. At the end of both sessions, children are brought back to whole class discussions to talk about what they worked on or wrote. Early Years or Foundation children must develop their oral skills so that they can go on to access the National Curriculum. Dressing up and drama play a huge role for them to expand their language, listening skills and imagination. As they get older and move into KS2, their oral skills progress to speaking and/or presenting to the rest of the class. My school also involve support assistants in taking intervention classes. We daily take a group of 6 children out of the class to work on comprehension, reading and punctuation. This is to improve their grades and levels. Each week spelling tests are set for the older pupils of the school. Children with English as their second language are also given specialist support as a language specialist will come into the school and given extra speaking, reading and writing interventions. Whilst in class during a literacy lesson, children with very little English language will complete early learning games. This could be made up of cards matching pictures to their English word cards, for example, a picture of a horse will match to the word ‘horse’. As their English progresses, they would become more involved in the lessons that the whole class is doing, but we would be considerate by using more basic language so that it gives the child confidence in what they are doing. Correcting their grammar is essential; otherwise they fall into lazy habits. However, this must be done in a sensitive and caring manner. An example of this is a year 4 Portuguese boy in my class. He has been with us for 2 years. He recently asked me ‘can I drink water please’. I told him the correct way to ask was ‘can I have a drink of water please’. He now asks correctly each time. 1. 2, Summarise the relevant policy and age related expectations of learners relevant to literacy development in the setting. If you are supporting pupils literacy development you will need to be aware of your schools English or literacy policy. This will outline your schools approach to the teaching of reading, writing, speaking and listening and should follow local or national guidelines. In England and Wales, the National Primary Literacy Framework outlines the structure for the teaching of literacy. It shows 12 strands of learning which a child must be taught throughout his or her entire primary education, including Foundation. In Foundation, teachers are expected to follow the two subject areas, which are Prime areas of learning and Specific areas of learning. Prime areas of learning * Listening and attention * Understanding * Speaking This supports Communication and Language as being imperative in the child’s earliest years. This will be developed through relationships with others using a variety of activities and will be supported by adults whilst doing so. This in turn will contribute into helping them to exercise their thinking skills. Specific areas of learning * Reading * Writing Their learning will develop into understanding that the sounds that they hear in a word are linked to letters, which then progresses them to decode and read regular words which would then lead to them being able to write words and simple sentences. Once the above are reached by a child at the end of Foundation stage, it means they have met their Early Learning Goals. As children leave Foundation stage and move into Key Stage 1, their learning objectives must be brought into line with the 12 learning strands of the National Primary Literacy Framework. Speak and listen for a wide range of purposes in different contexts * Speaking * Listening and Responding * Group discussion and Interaction * Drama Read and write for a range of different purposes on paper and on screen * Word recognition: decoding (reading) and encoding (spelling) * Word structure and spelling * Understanding and interpreting text * Engaging and responding to texts Creating and shaping texts * Text structure and organisation * Sentence structure and punctuation * Presentation The DfE have made the site available on line of the early years foundation stages national strategies and requirements. These outline the strand that is applicable to each year group. 1. 3, Summarise the teachers programme and plans for literacy development For effective support for children in literacy, and a ny other subject, there should be a prior conversation between you and the class teacher or knowledge of the planned activities of the lesson. In a majority of schools, my setting included, the support staff are given plans at the beginning of the week as well as being on display in the classroom. Within some settings the support staff are included in the planning of the lessons where their input and ideas can be given, especially for activities and approaches for children that they work closely with. Support staff should make notes on the daily plans. This is of the children they worked with that day which monitors each child’s progress and understanding and if they met the learning objective. Praise and feedback along with clarifying problems or misunderstandings are imperative to children, encouraging them to be confident learners. Once the lesson is complete, communication with the teacher should take place to ensure they are aware of how the children managed the task. Within my school there is a literacy policy set for the staff to follow, we believe that communication both oral and written is the key to educational progress, to social integration and to personal development and happiness. Literacy is about promoting fluent readers, confident writers and effective speaking and listeners. Children must listen to others and take account of the speaker, respond thoughtfully and demonstrate the skills necessary for effective speaking and listening. We aim to develop the necessary skills to read confidently, fluently and with enjoyment and understanding. We aim to use a wide range of resources, i. e. websites, non-fiction books and encyclopaedias to expand their knowledge and understanding along with exposing them to many different forms of genre. This sets out exactly what is to be taught and how it is taught. Medium term planning takes place every term and sets out the planned lessons and activities for the coming term. Each plan must give every pupil the opportunity to develop good speaking and listening, reading and writing skills. Activities are often linked to the theme/topic for the term and teachers capitalize on opportunities to teach specific text types when the theme is appropriate e. g. Explanation texts during a science based theme.

De Algemene wet bestuursrecht Essay Example

De Algemene wet bestuursrecht Essay Example De Algemene wet bestuursrecht Essay De Algemene wet bestuursrecht Essay De Algemene moisture bestuursrecht, de sanctiemogelijkheden Gemeenten kunnen handhavend optreden tegen ongewenst gedrag of strafbare gedragingen. De Algemene wet bestuursrecht ( Awb ) geeft de gemeenten een uitgebreid instrumentarium in handen om handhavend en sanctionerend op Te treden. In de Algemene wet bestuursrecht staan sancties, t.w. Bestuursdwang Last onder dwangsom Bestuurlijke boete Gedeeltelijk of geheel intrekken new wave een vergunning ( begunstigende beschikking ) Vanaf 2010 is heated voor gemeenten mogelijk de bestuurlijke strafbeschikking toe Te passen. Bij algemene maatregel new wave bestuur kan de gemeente ( het bestuursorgaan ) de bevoegdheid worden verleend een strafbeschikking uit Te vaardigen. Verschillende wetten regelen de strafbaarheid van bepaalde gedragingen, vitamin D bestuurlijke strafbeschikking kan door de gemeente worden toegepast om middels sanctie ( boete, dwangsom ) de wet- nut regelgeving te handhaven. Bestuursdwang Artikel 5:21 Awb Begrip last onder bestuursdwang Onder last onder bestuursdwang wordt verstaan: de herstelsanctie. Een herstelactie houdt in ; een last tot geheel of gedeeltelijk herstel new wave de overtreding ; en de bevoegdheid van de gemeente ( bestuursorgaan ) om de last door feitelijk handelen 10 uitvoer Te leggen indien de last niet of niet tijdig wordt uitgevoerd. Dat betekent: ALSs die last niet of niet tijdig wordt uitgevoerd, dan kan de burgemeester de last door feitelijk handelen zelf 10 uitvoer leggen Het door of namens de gemeente ( bestuursorgaan ) optreden tegen hetgeen in strijd met, bij of krachtens enig wettelijk voorschrift gestelde verplichtingen is of wordt gedaan, gehouden of nagelaten Dat betekent digital audiotape het bestuursorgaan opdracht ka geven aan derden om feitelijk op Te treden tegen bijvoorbeeld een bouwwerk ( schuur, car port etc. ) digital audiotape in strijd is gebouwd met de wet- en regelgeving. Kortom ; Het bestuursorgaan ( de gemeente ) gebruikt de bestuursdwang om de overtreder van wet- en regelgeving te bewegen de overtreding, de ongewenste situatie ongedaan Te maken. Dat gebeurt met dwang, nl. de dreiging digital audiotape de overheid digital audiotape anders zelf doet of laat doen op kosten van de overtreder. Eigenlijk waarschuwt het bestuursorgaan de overtreder: zorg digital audiotape de zaak weer ongedaan gemaakt wordt, anders doen wij het op jou kosten De last onder bestuursdwang is eigenlijk een aankondiging digital audiotape de gemeente last heeft new wave een illegale situatie en de overtreder daarop aanspreekt en hem ook direct verteld wat Er gaat gebeuren ALSs de overtreder niet doet wat het bestuursorgaan hem zegt. Een duidelijke nut relatief eenvoudige manier new wave bestuursrechtelijke handhaven. Wie zijn bevoegd tot het aankondigen new wave de dwangsom? Artikel 125 Gemeentewet Het gemeentebestuur is bevoegd tot toepassing new wave bestuursdwang. De bevoegdheid tot toepassing new wave bestuursdwang wordt uitgeoefend door het college, indien de toepassing new wave bestuursdwang dient tot handhaving new wave regels welke heated gemeentebestuur uitvoert. Artikel 122 Provinciewet Het provinciebestuur is bevoegd tot oplegging new wave een last onder bestuursdwang. De bevoegdheid tot oplegging new wave een last onder bestuursdwang wordt uitgeoefend door gedeputeerde staten, indien de last dient tot handhaving new wave regels welke heated provinciebestuur uitvoert. Het toepassen new wave bestuursdwang is een duidelijk handhavinginstrument. Gemeenten, maar ook provincies ( bestuursorganen ) kunnen bestuursdwang gebruiken tegen ongewenste/illegale situaties en/of overtredingen new wave wetten en verordeningen. Voorbeeld: Iemand heeft zonder toestemming en/of vergunning een car port gebouwd. Door het toepassen new wave bestuursdwang kan dit illegale bouwwerk worden be amp ; euml ; indigd. En moet de overtreder de situatie herstellen en terugkeren in de oude situatie. Er new wave uitgaande digital audiotape de oude situatie overeenstemt met wet- en regelgeving. Dus het afbreken new wave de illegaal gebouwde car port. Voorwaarden bestuursdwang: Het bestuursorgaan is wel verplicht om de overtreder schriftelijk in kennis Te stellen van zijn/haar overtreding. Zon brief aan de overtreder noemen we een aanschrijving. Die aanschrijving kan ook omschreven worden ALSs ; ambtshalve toezenden new wave een mededeling of een schriftelijk cant . Daarin moet de gemeente of provincie ( bestuursorgaan ) aangeven dat binnen een bepaalde termijn, waar binnen de overtreder de illegale situatie zelf kan opheffen, niet zal overgaan tot actie. Is die vermelde termijn verstreken dan zal het bestuursorgaan overgegaan tot het treffen new wave maatregelen om de illegale situatie op Te heffen. De schriftelijke beslissing ( aanschrijving ) is een beschikking in de zin van de Algemene moisture bestuursrecht, waartegen de overtreder bezwaar kan aantekenen en beroep kan instellen. Last onder dwangsom Een last onder dwangsom is een handhavingmiddel digital audiotape bijvoorbeeld gemeenten kunnen gebruiken om Er voor Te zorgen dat wet- en regelgeving worden nageleefd. Het is zwaarder dan een waarschuwing, maar het gaat ( nog ) niet zover ALSs het intrekken new wave een vergunning of geven new waves een boete of. Gemeenten kunnen bijvoorbeeld een last onder dwangsom opleggen om een illegale situatie Te be amp ; euml ; native. Bijvoorbeeld te veel geluidsoverlast veroorzaken door discotheken. De last onder dwangsom is dan ook eigenlijk bedoeld om de toezichthouder de mogelijkheid te geven aan de overtreder een verplichting op Te leggen. Die verplichting ( delast ) draagt er toe bij digital audiotape de overtreding ongedaan gemaakt wordt of be amp ; euml ; indigd wordt. De last kan inhouden digital audiotape de overtreding ongedaan wordt gemaakt ( heated herstellen naar de rechtmatige situatie ) , het be amp ; euml ; native new wave een overtreding, of heated voorkomen dat het vaker gebeurt. Als de overtreder daar niet aan de last voldoet, moet hij/zij of de rechtspersoon een bepaald bedrag betalen. Dat Te betalen badrag noemen we een dwangsom. Artikel 5:24. Awb Vereisten last onder bestuursdwang De last onder bestuursdwang omschrijft de te nemen herstelmaatregelen. De last onder bestuursdwang vermeldt de termijn waarbinnen zij moet worden uitgevoerd. De last onder bestuursdwang wordt bekendgemaakt aan de overtreder, aan de rechthebbenden op het gebruik van de zaak waarop de last betrekking heeft en aan de aanvrager. De schriftelijke beslissing ( aanschrijving ) de beschikking moet wel duidelijk vermelden welk wettelijk voorschrift wordt overtreden De kosten die heated bestuursorgaan maakt of nog moet maken voor het uitvoeren new wave de sanctie worden op de overtreder verhaald. Het bestuursorgaan ( gemeente of provincie ) kan zelfs uit preventieve overwegingen over tot bestuursdwang. Dus voordat de overtreder de wet- en regelgeving overtreed kan het bestuursorgaan ( gemeenten, provincie ) al optreden en de toekomstige overtreder aanschrijven. Artikel. 5:32a. Awb Vereisten last onder dwangsom De last onder dwangsom moet de te nemen herstelmaatregelen duidelijk omschrijven. Bij een last onder dwangsom dice strekt tot het ongedaan maken new wave een overtreding of heated voorkomen van verdere overtreding, wordt een termijn gesteld gedurende welke de overtreder de last kan uitvoeren zonder digital audiotape een dwangsom wordt verbeurd. Artikel 5:32b Awb Vaststelling dwangsom Het bestuursorgaan stelt de dwangsom huge hetzij op een bedrag ineens, hetzij op een bedrag per tijdseenheid waarin de last niet is uitgevoerd, dan wel per overtreding new wave de last. Het bestuursorgaan stelt tevens een bedrag huge waarboven geen dwangsom meer wordt verbeurd. De bedragen staan in redelijke verhouding tot de zwaarte van het geschonden belang en tot de beoogde werking new wave de dwangsom. Artikel 5:33. Betalingstermijn verbeurde dwangsom Een verbeurde dwangsom wordt betaald binnen zes weken nadat zij new wave rechtswege is verbeurd. Artikel 5:34 Awb Opheffing, opschorting of vermindering dwangsom Het bestuursorgaan digital audiotape een last onder dwangsom heeft opgelegd, kan op verzoek new wave de overtreder de last opheffen, de looptijd ervan opschorten voor een bepaalde termijn of de dwangsom verminderen in geval new wave blijvende of tijdelijke gehele of gedeeltelijk onmogelijkheid voor de overtreder om aan zijn verplichtingen Te voldoen. Het bestuursorgaan digital audiotape een last onder dwangsom heeft opgelegd, kan op verzoek new wave de overtreder de last opheffen indien de beschikking A ; eacute ; A ; eacute ; n jaar new wave kracht is geweest zonder digital audiotape de dwangsom is verbeurd. Een last onder dwangsom is geen sanctie of maatregel zoals wij dice in heated Wetboek new wave Strafrecht kennen. Het heeft ook niet het karakter new wave wraak of vergelding. Een last onder dwangsom is ook niet op de persoon gericht, maar op de overtreding zelf. Er is dus ook geen verdachte, zoals wij dat uit het Wetboek new wave Strafvordering kennen. Aan de overtreder wordt door het bestuursorgaan de verplichting opgelegd om een geldsom Te betalen, tenzij binnen de gestelde termijn wordt voldaan aan de in de beschikking opgenomen last ( artikel 5:32 Awb ) . Deze verplichting houdt in digital audiotape de overtreder de illegale situatie in overeenstemming met de wet dient Te brengen of een overtreding achterwege dient Te laten. Voor de dwangsom geldt een maximal bedrag waarboven geen dwangsom meer wordt verbeurd. Er bestaan drie mogelijkheden voor de op te leggen dwangsom. De overtreder moet: per dekagram of hebdomad bijvoorbeeld digital audiotape hij de overtreding begaat/in base laat/herhaalt, een bepaald bedrag betalen een bedrag ineens betalen voor een handeling die niet voor een bepaalde data point verricht is per overtreding betalen Voorbeeld: De illegale schuur dient binnen twee weken Te zijn afgebroken en de situatie van voor de bouwwerkzaamheden dient Te zijn hersteld. Geeft de overtreder hier geen gehoor aan, dan dient de overtreder per dekagram sodium dice twee weken ALSs de schuur er nog staat een bedrag Te betalen van bijvoorbeeld ˆ 100 ( met een maximal new wave in totaal ˆ2000 ) . Preventieve dwangsom Gemeenten kunnen er ook voor kiezen Tes werken met een preventieve dwangsom. Dat is dus een dwangsom om iets te voorkomen. Als steeds dezelfde overtreder lak heeft aan wet- en regelgeving of voorschriften kan de gemeente een preventieve dwangsom opleggen ( artikel 5:32 lid 2 Awb ) . Deze preventieve dwangsom wordt alleen maar gebruikt bij recidivisten. Een repeater is iemand dice na een eerdere bestraffing weer in hetzelfde gedrag, overtreding vervalt. Bij zulke recidivisten wordt het bedrag new wave de ( preventieve ) dwangsom hoog en steeds hoger. Bij het opleggen new wave een preventieve dwangsom moet Er wel sprake zijn new wave Er aannemelijk gemaakt kan worden digital audiotape Er een gevaar bestaat digital audiotape de overtreding ( en ) zal worden begaan. Aanleiding om dat Te veronderstellen, kunnen zijn gelegen in uitlatingen dice een ( toekomstig ) overtreder doet, heated eerder vertoonde naleefgedrag new wave de overtreder, het bij herhaling voorkomen van overtredingen en meer algemeen het zich voordoen new wave uitzonderlijke omstandigheden welke het begaan new wave overtredingen waarschijnlijk maken. Wanneer bestuursdwang en wanneer last onder dwangsom? Kan niet zomaar kiezen tussen heated opleggen new wave een dwangsom en het aanzeggen new wave bestuursdwang. Voor het opleggen new wave een dwangsom zal niet gekozen worden ALSs het belang digital audiotape het betrokken voorschrift Te beschermt dient Te worden. Een dwangsom is bijvoorbeeld niet mogelijk indien Er een acute situatie zich voordoet. Als er door een petrochemische industrie giftige stoffen illegaal worden geloosd bijvoorbeeld. Dat is erg lucratief omdat legale verwerking new wave giftige stoffen heel veel geld kost. Dan loopt het bestuursorgaan het risico digital audiotape de overtreding, ondanks de dwangsom, gewoon wordt voortgezet, omdat het, ondanks de dwangsom, veel geld oplevert. In zon geval moet Er bestuursdwang worden toegepast. Maar ook in situaties waarin een overtreding new wave vergunningvoorschriften wordt gepleegd, bijvoorbeeld geluidsvoorschriften voor een evenement zullen dice overtredingen alleen ongedaan gemaakt worden door het evenement Te sluiten, of de apparatuur Te verzegelen. Ook dan is een dwangsom niet het Ge A ; euml ; igende middel is. Bestuursdwang is dan een veel effectiever handhavinginstrument. Intrekken begunstigende beschikking Een beschikking wat is dat? De beschikking komt o.a. voor in de Algemene moisture bestuursrecht ( Awb ) Onder beschikking wordt in de Awb verstaan een besluit digital audiotape niet new wave algemene strekking is, met inbegrip new wave het afwijzen new wave een aanvraag daarvan ( artikel 1:3 lid 2, Awb ) Een beschikking is dus een beslissing new wave een bestuursorgaan ( overheid ) in een specifieke situatie. Voorbeeld ; een beslissing ( of besluit ) naar aanleiding new wave de aanvraag voor een vergunning. Een beschikking is dus eigenlijk een besluit. En een besluit conform de Awb is ; een schriftelijke beslissing new wave een bestuursorgaan, inhoudende een publiekrechtelijke rechtshandeling. Onder de term besluit vallen beschikkingen en besluiten van algemene strekking. Een besluit new wave algemene strekking is dus geen beslissing m.b.t. de aanvraag van A ; eacute ; A ; eacute ; n individuele Burger of een bedrijf, maar een beslissing die gevolgen heeft voor een grotere aantal situaties. Voorbeeld ; Besluit van algemene strekking een bestemmingsplan. Begunstigende en belastende beschikkingen Er bestaan 3 soorten beschikkingen: Een begunstigende beschikking- doet een recht ontstaan ( een vergunning of subsidie verlenen ) Een belastende beschikking legt plichten op ( belastingaanslag ) Een begunstigende nut belastende beschikking. ( doet een recht ontstaan, maar legt ook plichten op ter verkrijging new wave de rechten ) Bijvoorbeeld een subsidie of vergunning onder voorwaarden. Overtreedt de houder van zon begunstigende beschikking ( subsidie, vergunning ) de regels, dan zal de sanctie vaak bestaan uit gehele of gedeeltelijke intrekking new wave de beschikking. De regels op grond waarvan de subsidie of vergunning is verstrekt, bevat onderdelen dice beschrijven wanneer de subsidie of vergunning wordt ingetrokken. Het besluit daartoe is een beschikking die moet voldoen aan de eisen m.b.t. het geschreven en ongeschreven recht: Zorgvuldigheidsbeginsel zorgzaamheid m.b.t.. gerechtvaardigde belangen Evenredigheidsbeginsel het beginsel digital audiotape uitgaat new wave het Principe dat zaken met elkaar moeten overeenstemmen wordt groter ALSs iets anders groter wordt en kleiner ALSs iets anders kleiner wordt Bestuursorganen ( gemeente of provincie ) kunnen een beschikking geheel of gedeeltelijk intrekken, bij: Onrechtmatige of onregelmatige totstandkoming new wave een beschikking ; omstandigheden na het verlenen new wave de vergunning ( bijvoorbeeld misbruiken of gedurende een bepaalde periode geen gebruik maken new wave een vergunning ) ; Bij verandering new wave feitelijke omstandigheden of verandering in het beleid ( bijvoorbeeld in een bestemmingsplan ) . Naast deze mogelijkheden om een beschikking in Te trekken, kennen we sinds enige jaren de Wet Bevordering Integriteit Beoordelingen, kort weg Wet Bibob genoemd. De Wet Bibob is bitty een excess instrument voor het bestuursorgaan. Bijvoorbeeld: De gemeente Amsterdam heeft de Wet Bibob gebruikt om allerlei ondernemers in het wallengebiedte screenen, voordat de vergunning tot exploitatie new wave een prostitutiebedrijf ( peeskamertjes ) werd verleend of verlengd. De sanctie new wave intrekking new wave de begunstigende vergunning is zowel preventief ALSs een reparatiemiddel, dus een herstel achteraf. Die ondernemers hadden namelijk Al een vergunning voor heated exploiteren van een prostitutiebedrijf, maar dice vergunning moest worden verlengd. Om een inde Te maken aan de ongewenste, illegale situatie, de ondernemers konden niet aantonen digital audiotape zij Al Hun geld netjes en niet met criminaliteit hadden verdiend, werd de vergunning niet verlengd. Het doel new wave deze reparatie is dan de wettelijke norm herstellen. De intrekking new wave een vergunning hoeft niet het einde Te betekenen voor de ondernemer en hoeft ook niet het door het bestuursorgaan beoogde resultaat op Te leveren. De ondernemer kan altijd zijn activiteiten illegaal voortzetten, ook zonder vergunning. De intrekking new wave de vergunning kan dan gevolgd worden door bestuursdwang of het opleggen new wave een dwangsom. Administratieve of bestuurlijke boete Er zijn een aantal belangrijke verschillen tussen de bestuurlijke boete en bestuurlijke handhavinginstrumenten zoals bestuursdwang en de dwangsom. De bestuurlijke boete is een zogenoemde punitieve sanctie. Dat is een sanctie gericht op het bestraffen new wave de handeling. De bestuursdwang en de dwangsom zijn gericht op om een situatie dice in strijd is met de voorschriften op Te heffen of om herhaling daarvan te voorkomen. De bestuurlijke boete Kent geen waarschuwing naar de overtreder toe, terwijl bij bestuursdwang en de dwangsom wel degelijk sprake is van een waarschuwing. Zogenaamde vooraankondigingen ( artikel 4 lid 8 Awb en artikel 125 Gemeentewet ) en aanschrijvingen ( bijv. de Woningwet ) zijn zulge waarschuwingen. Bij heated constateren van een overtreding kan of wordt direct tot handhaving overgegaan nut gesanctioneerd. De bestuurlijke boete kan worden gebruikt bij de aanpak van overlast in de openbare ruimte. Kijk maar eens naar alle regels die de APV Kent. Daar is handhaven relatief makkelijk, omdat de meeste regels eigenlijk wel duidelijk zijn voor de Burgers. Gemeenten kunnen bij het handhaven new wave de regels uit de APV dus een bestuurlijke boete opleggen voor overtreding new wave de bepalingen van de APV. Dat kan niet voor feiten ( strafbaar gedrag ) dice zijn vastgelegdin een Algemene Maatregel new wave Bestuur ( AMvB ) . Bestuurlijke strafbeschikking De Wet OM- afdoening is in 2006 in werking getreden. Het OM mag met Sinds get down 2008 zaken zelfstandig afdoen zonder digital audiotape Er sprake is van de bemoeienis van een rechter. Het OM mag dus zelf straffen opleggen, zonder rechter. De moisture is vanaf 2010 ook new wave toepassing op gemeenten, provincie en waterschappen. De wet OM-afdoening is van toepassing op delicten waar een maximale gevangenisstraf new wave zes jaar op staat. Het doel new wave deze moisture is om een effici A ; euml ; ntere rechtshandhaving Te krijgen, sneller nut effectiever. Welke straffen vallen hieronder? De officier new wave justitie kan ALSs straf ; een geldboete opleggen een taakstraf opleggen new wave maximaal 180 uur een ontzegging new wave de rijbevoegdheid geven voor ten hoogste zes maanden De strafbeschikking kent naast straffen ook een aantal voorwaarden ; deelname aan een afkickprogramma een contactverbod geven een straatverbod geven Het Openbaar Ministerie mag niet zelfstandig, zonder tussenkomst new wave een rechter, geen vrijheidsbenemende straffen opleggen. Het Openbaar Minsterie hoeft niet langer een verdachte voor de rechter Te laten dagvaarden ALSs deze niet wil betalen of helemaal niet reageert op een transactievoorstel. Dit levert minder druk op de rechtelijke macht ( veel minder zaken ) is eenvoudiger en levert ook het OM een behoorlijke tijdwinst op. Deze Wet OM-afdoening geeft gemeenten excess gereedschap om bij overtredingen new wave de APV een bestuurlijke strafbeschikking op Te leggen. De bestuurlijke strafbeschikking geeft gemeente de mogelijkheid om overlast in de openbare ruimte aan Te pakken. Het betreft eigenlijk de zelfde feiten ( strafbare gedragingen ) dice ook zijn af Te doen met de bestuurlijke boete. Een van de verschillen met de bestuurlijke boete is dat bij de bestuurlijke strafbeschikking een strafbaar feit wordt begaan waartegen de burger verzet mag aantekenen. Dat gebeurt bij het Op enbaar Ministerie Bij bestuurlijke boete is er sprake new wave een bestuursrechtelijke beschikking waartegen de Burger in bezwaar kan of beroep kan aantekenen bij het bestuurorgaan. Intrekking begunstigende beschikking Een andere sanctie kan zijn, digital audiotape het bestuursorgaan een eerder verleende begunstigende beschikking ( vergunning ) intrekt. Deze intrekking kan met terugwerkende kracht ( antique tunc ) plaatsvinden, maar ook vanaf het minute new wave intrekking de geldigheid van de vergunning ontnemen is mogelijk d.m.v. opzegging. Wanneer Er in een wet iets is opgenomen over intrekking van vergunningen, is intrekking slechts mogelijk via dice weg en die gronden. Een voorbeeld is art. 59 Woningwet inzake de intrekking new wave een bouwvergunning. Wanneer de wet er echter over zwijgt, hangt het new wave de interpretatie new wave dice wet en de aard van de beschikking af. De vergunning kan in zon geval worden ingetrokken om de volgende gronden: de beschikking is op grond new wave onjuiste gegevens verleend, de juiste gegevens hadden tot een weigering new wave de vergunning geleid en de betrokkene kan van die onjuiste of onvolledige opgave in redelijkheid een verwijt worden gemaakt. De int rekking new wave een begunstigende beschikking, zoals een vergunning, kan zowel een reparatoir ALSs een punitief karakter hebben.

Assignments on the book after the fact Assignment

Assignments on the book after the fact - Assignment Example Therefore, initially we will tell something on the plot of the story; then, we will go to the perceived ‘truth’ of the story; then, to the ‘truth’ as it perceived today; and, finally, we will come to how it influences ‘history’ itself. Firstly, it must be stated that Ferdinando Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti ‘were suspected anarchists who were convicted of murdering two men during a 1920 armed robbery of a shoe factory’ in Massachusetts (current excerpt was brought from internet sources). Except this factual background, it is clear that historical truth as it appeared to be in 1920s and how it is nowadays totally differ, as two contradictive images of the story. It was believed that these Italian immigrants with evident anarchistic backgrounds were found guilty for double murdering and armed attack, but is stated clearly by different reliable internet sources of different origin that ‘there is a highly politicized disput e over their guilt or innocence, as well as whether or not the trials were fair’ and ‘the dispute focuses on contradictory evidence.’ (given excerpts are from internet sources) Obviously, they were blamed in their crimes unjustly and nowadays many historians of the 1920s suggested that basis of evidences in that case was particularly weak. Nevertheless, these two images of the story of ‘Sacco and Vanzetti’ told us the aged truth that we do not need to trust in overall historical facts cause they were fabricated by one or another request, of social, political, or cultural nature/interest. From the other perspective, these ‘facts’ could be fabricated not even in terms of ‘natures,’ but following the particular interests of group of people in the society or in the government. In other words, ‘history’ is written due to the evident interests of elites, groups of people who are in the authority in the given society o r social network with its vertical or horizontal socialization. Watergate Summarizing the story we will find out, equally with the previous sub-chapter, ‘what was the perceived truth of the situation and what do the writers find out;’ and, also, ‘how does it differs.’ Secondly, it can be regarded as necessary to pick a quote that I personally enjoyed telling why; furthermore, it is interesting from the perspective of how it changed perception of the ‘truth.’ Moreover, it will be clear afterwards how has this story of Watergate and President Nixon ‘changed the way you think about history and why.’ Initially, the most interesting citation concerning the case of Watergate, 1974, to my mind, is the next one which summarizes the case briefly: ‘As a result of the June 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration’s attempted c over-up of its involvement, the scandal eventually led to the resignation of Richard Nixon, the President of the United States, on August, 1974, the only resignation of a U.S. President.’ (the excerpt was brought from the internet sources) Thus, let us compare two images of the story, ‘perceived’ one and another one, ‘contemporary’ version of the events. Then, afterwards, we will successfully answer on a question about how these versions of the historical fact changed my personal

Career Explorations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Career Explorations - Assignment Example eason why there is certainty in the future of the careers in the field is because of the findings by the researches that improvement in the health sector in the next coming years will not be guaranteed by research in medicine but public measures to prevent them. The other reason to pursue career in public health is because in modern days, there is a shift in focus towards concentrating more resources in the prevention measures in order to cut health costs. This is through public education and other raft of measure to improve public health. The specific career in the field is senior development specialist. A post in Essentia located in greater London. It is in health-public, health industry and technology development. The term of employment is permanent. Its’ main work is the design and development of programs to improve the public health infrastructure. This is important because it enables smooth and organized running of the healthcare services. It greatly helps facilitate the offering of services and it is important as it saves the overall cost of running the health sector due to its ability to reduce the number of labor workforce. It is not just about design; it goes beyond that to implementation. It requires one with knowledge in both commercial and the health sector. It focuses on the implementation of proper solutions that improve service efficiency for both workers and patients. To enter the field one need to have experience in JavaScript application to be guaranteed position in the internal service, now development team. The preferred candidates should have Knowledge and experience in BMC, CA, remedy or other ITSM tools. To be more suited for the job or be highly recommended for the job, one ought to possesses good technical background knowledge specifically in Jelly scripting and also being conversant with software development that are helpful in JavaScript application. A candidate should possesses good knowledge in modern technology, but the candidate

The circumstances of the incident

The circumstances of the incident The circumstances of the incident The incident took place on Ward X during an early shift. During this shift, there were 30 patients on the ward, in four six bedded bays and six side rooms. During the early shift, Mrs J was seen on the ward round and was discharged by the medical team. Mrs J had had a laparascopic cholecystectomy five days previously, but had developed pneumonia in the postoperative period and therefore had been on the ward much longer than had been anticipated. Mrs J was a 58 year old semi-retired librarian with a history of hypertension treated with antihypertensive medication. During this morning shift, the staff nurse, Nurse M, looking after all the patients in Mrs Js bay, was asked to discharge Mrs J by the medical team, and Mrs J was very relieved, and called her daughter and son in law to pick her up ‘after lunch. Mrs J needed medications to take away (TTAs), and needed her discharge paperwork completing, and her community nurse needed to be informed to attend her at home the following day. Nurse M had two other patients to discharge that day, and had to provide care for three other patients, two of whom had had surgery the previous day. Nurse M carried out the medication round in her bay at 8 am and at 2pm. At four pm Mrs Js daughter approached me to ask why her mother had not been discharged yet. She was considerably distressed, as her mothers stay in hospital had been much longer than anticipated. The perceived delay in her discharge had upset the patient and her family. Nurse M stated that she had started the discharge but been too busy to complete it during her shift. She therefore handed over the discharge to the afternoon shift nurse, Nurse F. Mrs J was discharged at 6pm. The next day, her daughter telephoned the ward to complain that Mrs J was discharged without her anti-hypertensive medication. The actions taken As the ward manager, I spoke to the patients daughter and apologised for the discharge taking so long, and for the failure to provide essential medication to take home. I spoke to Mrs J and to the community nurse, Nurse P, in order to ascertain whether there had been any adverse effects on the patients condition. Mrs Js daughter had visited the GP the following morning and obtained a replacement prescription, and so Mrs J missed only one dose, and one delayed dose of her antihypertensive medication. No adverse impact had been identified. Following this incident, I reviewed the case notes of Mrs J, and all the patients in B Bay on Ward X, to ensure that there had been no other oversights or omissions. I reviewed the discharge documentation for the second patient discharged that day, Miss T, and found that all was in order. A review of the discharge notes for Mrs J showed that the TTA prescription had not included the antihypertensive medication. The staff involved Nurse M, a Band 5 nurse with 3 years experience. Nurse F, a Band 5 nurse who joined the ward 3 months previously. The ward manager, a Band 7 nurse. Nursing Assistant L, a trained HCA with eight years experience on this ward. The patients involved Mrs J, a patient recovery from healthcare associated pneumonia after a laparascopic cholecystecomy. Five other patients in B Bay on Ward X: Mrs T, Miss S, Mrs L, and Ms K. Other important aspects and considerations that you consider necessary The ward was full that day, and there was one member of staff missing for part of the morning shift, due to sickness. The omission in the medication order can be localised to the Senior House Officer who signed the TTA request, but Nurse M should also have identified that the medication was missing, either at the time of completing the form. Nurse F should have identified the omission when she checked the medication with the patient at the time of discharge. Both nurses were questioned and given a verbal reprimand. B) Essay As a ward manager, observing the behaviours of staff working together within a ward team, I have often noticed that the discharges which are ordered at the time of the ward round early in the morning are often not completed until the evening, even when the discharge is relatively uncomplicated. I have also noticed that this reflects other aspects of care, where staff do not seem to be working particularly quickly or efficiently. In this situation, the behaviours of staff seemed to indicate on first analysis that staff were overworked and that this omission occurred because of pressure on staff. However, this author also identified other issues which were contributing to the situation. The first was that I noticed how staff had fallen into particular behavioural patterns during the early shift, which meant that they often left discharges to be completed by the afternoon staff. It seemed that certain staff tended to fall into this pattern, and to fall into particular routines in which they slowed down at certain times during the shift. I noted as well that there were a particular sub group of nursing staff that behaved like this, and that there was a divide between some staff and those who supported them, such as the HCAs. For example, Nurse M and HCA L did not seem to work well together, and I noted that Nurse M had addressed this by simply not delegating too much to the HCA. This situation seems to indicate that not only is good management and leadership needed in order to address what seems to be an issue of staff behaviours, but also good leadership in relation to team working, warranting an analysis and examination of team working. It became apparent that as the ward manager I would need to use the position of team leader to destabilise the ingrained patterns of work behaviour and break up old alliances which might be impeding effective teamworking. The conclusion reached was that this was not simply a case of finding fault with Nurse M and Nurse F, but deconstructing the circumstances that had led to this mistake. The fault in this situation is diffused amongst all of those involved. This included a potential that it was my own leadership at fault in this situation, requiring me to bear some of the responsibility for this occurrence. Leadership within nursing requires a complex set of skills and attributes, and the ability to manifest a strong nursing leadership role. However, it is challenging because of the nature of the work, which can change rapidly at any point in time, and the nature of staff relationships and behaviours, which can involve complex interactions and inter-dependencies. Fostering effective teamworking in this situation, and leading a team towards better ways of working, is likely to be very challenging even when circumstances are good, but in a position where the team is one staff member short, it could be argued that this makes it all the more challenging. A manager needs to understand the whole theory and practice of teamworking within organisational contexts, and also understand how they can, in their own leadership role, support effective team working and improve care standards, whilst at the same time supporting staff dealing with a heavy and complex workload. All nurses must manage themselves and their own workloads, and must develop self-awareness of their own traits, strengths and developmental needs. This author has spent some time reflecting on their own capabilities, and has identified their own strengths, such as the ability to carry out routine tasks swiftly, and to prioritise care and workloads for better patient care and more efficient management of tasks and demands. Another personal strength is the ability to take a wider view and to consider a range of factors affecting workload, and team working, including skill mix and different personalities and how well staff work together. The academic field of organisational studies has long been concerned with leadership, theoretically and practically. It is a multifaceted concept and has been considered from a variety of perspectives, including an applied perspective with specific reference to nursing. There tends to be a polarisation of theoretical perspectives, in which some believe that some people are destined to be leaders because of pre-existing or innate abilities or proclivities, traits which make them ‘natural leaders; and some theorists posit that leadership is comprised of a set of skills and applied knowledge that can be acquired and used by anyone trained in them (Day, 2000, p 5810.) Thus some would argue that the people possessing ‘natural leadership skills and abilities would be the best leaders, while others continue to assert that there is no difference and that a person given the right training and development could be a good leader (Green, 2003, p 27). There is merit in both perspectiv es, in that a natural leader who has had training could be argued to be potentially better than one who has no predisposition to leadership, and that there may be some people who are not suited to leadership roles who should not aspire to be leaders. However, suggesting that leadership is something which can be learned is a much more egalitarian viewpoint, which could be positive, but could result in people being placed in positions of ‘official leadership against their own preference, when their true strengths lie elsewhere. In relation to the situation described in the report in part A, this author would argue that not only did the team require more directive leadership at this time, but that such leadership should be visible, tangible, and strong enough to ‘lead the team towards more collaborative and supportive working practice (Bishop, 2009). The literature shows that clear lines of command are important, but clear, strong leadership is more than simply exercising control over people, it is a more bilateral approach which engages leader and team in managing work in such a way that it improves patient care (Clegg, 2000, p 31). However, Grint (2005, p 1467) also shows that in order for leaders to be effective, they must be able to motivate others to follow them and to go in the direction they have indicated. Thus leadership is more than simply guiding people, it is about engaging with them and making them ‘want to follow the lead. Thus it is possible to see that authority does not locate an individual as a leader on its own; the ‘followers must accept and support that leader as well (Grint, 2005 p 1467). In this case, however, the leadership activities must be very much directed at leading a diverse team of disparate individuals with a range of personalities, skills, and experience, as well as differing roles and responsibilities. Breakdowns in interprofessional working and communication are common within healthcare settings (Sutcliffe et al, 2004, p 196). However, organisational theories argue that there are typical types of roles that individuals assume within teams, and the seminal theory here is Belbins (1993 p 57) team roles theory. This theory is useful because it allows the leader to ‘manage individual team members and motivate the team more effectively through understanding their team roles (Belbin, 1993 p 57; Johansen, 2003, online). Anything which enhances team working is likely to improve communication, enhance team and individual worker efficiency and effectiveness, and improve nurses satisfaction with their working lives, contributing to better practice standards ( Amos et al, 2005 p 10; Clegg, 2000 p 31; Dimeglio, 2005 p 110), and this author would also argue that exploring how to manage a team more effectively would help them to contribute to their own professional development (Bandura, 1994 p 71). Thus, an effective leader could look at the eight defined roles which are said to occur within organisational or workplace teams, some of which may be fulfilled or enacted by more than one person at a time, just as one person may enact more than one role at once (Belbin, 1993 p 57-59). Effective teams ideally demonstrate that members enact all the roles defined (Johansen, 2003, 0nline). Belbin (1993 p 57-59) describes these as: the calm, confident chairman, objective but unemotional, generally infallible; the impatient shaper, coercive, unafraid of confrontation, directive and apt to destabilise the status quo; the problem-solving plant, an imaginative highly intellectual and creative individualist who may not be a good team player; the informativ e and enthusiastic resource investigator, good at communicating, who can find their motivation flagging; the analytical and evaluative monitor evaluator, who can be perceptive but cynical; the reliable company worker, who plods along and reaches goals but can display a degree of rigidity and inflexibility; the mediating team worker who tends to be both a communication hub and coordinator, using effective social skills to propel the team along; and the conscientious and deadline-conscious completer-finisher (Johansen, 2003, online). This author would argue, however, that the team leader could occupy one or more of these roles, but if they have a manager, may not be viewed by others to be a member of the team, per se, and so not included in the ‘inventory of team members. Thus there may be a flaw in this theory, because there is no specification of how a manager would necessarily fit in to this team. Team leadership in this context, however, is complicated by the nature of healthcare practice in which teams are comprised of multiple professionals and occupational groups (Cockburn, 2004 p 66), and thus a nurse manager of a ward has to be able to be a leader across different professions and disciplines and may need to display different leadership behaviours in order to achieve this (Murphy, 2005, p 128). One way in which a ward manager might lead in this manner is through quality management activities (Sale, 2005), and the use and promotion of evidence for practice, a process which requires multiprofessional input (McLaren et al, 2002 p 444). But in this case, the issues which have proved most challenging relate to the ways in which team members manage their workloads, and perhaps also the ways in which different professionals within the team communicate with each other. The manager must lead the team towards a new way of functioning effectively, by ensuring all members are functioning appropriately and fulfilling their different roles (Amos et al, 2005 p 10). This author would argue that within the greater quality agenda, the common goals of quality assurance should act as a common driving force for better teamworking (Martin, 2003). In this instance, the ward manager will be working to encourage better multidisciplinary team (McFadzean, 1998), but this does not mean that they have the authority to discipline some members of the team, such as the medical staff, and here, historical divides between the professions may impede the process of team building (Hartley, 2002, p 178). In this situation, Nurse M and Nurse F should both have felt able to ask for assistance if they were busy, and should have checked the TTA prescription, but the ultimate responsibility lies with the SHO who wrote the prescription. Legally, however, all are accountable. But the ward manager, as team leader, would lead by example by accepting the shared accountability of this omission (Sheldon and Parker, 1997, p 8). Thus the nurses should be supported to accept this shared responsibility, but at the same time should be supported to examine their practice and see where it could be improved, such as looking at how they could improve delegation skills so that basic tasks are more effectively delegated and advanced nursing responsibilities are better met (Curtis and Nichol, 2004, p 26), and how they can improve interprofessional communication (Kenny, 2002). This author would argue that nurses in the ward setting are all required to develop leadership skills, as an extension of their professional role, and this equates to the concept of distributed leadership (Harris and Spillane, 2008, p 31), and within this model, leaders are developed, supported and empowered, at every point on the scale of organisational hierarchy. Therefore, in this situation, the ward manager would need to understand who acts as what within the team roles inventory (Belbin, 1993), and also support leadership skills to emerge amongst staff at every level. The HCA described in this scenario, for example, exerts significant influence, and these leadership attributes could be harnessed to improve team working, rather than destabilise the hierarchy. The role of the manager as team leader in this scenario is clearly also to provide feedback and evaluation to the team, and to explore the consequences of these circumstances in a way that should prevent it from occurring again (London et al, 1999, p 5). Providing feedback in an empowering manner can improve performance within the team (London et al, 1999, p 5), and therefore, evidence from available research would suggest that effective leadership would achieve this through multiple approaches. Research suggests that optimal team performance and quality of care requires good leadership (Beech, 2002 p 35; Green, 2003 p 27). This seems to require what Murphy (2005 p 128), describes as charismatic, transformational leadership, in which â€Å"charismatic transformational leaders espouse intellectual stimulation and individual consideration to empower staff and enhance patient care. Nurse managers that develop and foster transformational leadership can surmount oppressive traditions and confidently navigate a complex and rapidly changing health care environment.† However, leaders such as this will continue to struggle with the hierarchies and inherited culture and traditions of the professions (Murphy 2005 p 128). But it is through such activities that proactive nurse leaders mould the future of nursing itself, and contribute significantly to the quality agenda (Shirey, 2006, p 256). Thus the leader in this scenario needs to re-educate the team, and act as a role model fo r the team to develop their own leadership capabilities (Cummings et al, 2008, p 240). It would appear that in this situation, the risk involved was avoided by luck rather than judgement, and it is imperative that the ward manager addresses the behaviours and habits which have led to the omission concerned. However, it would not be enough to simply discipline those concerned, because multiple factors have affected this occurrence, and the staff involved will have to continue to deal with these factors in the daily working lives. Therefore, leadership will lead, guide and empower staff to be able to better address their work roles whilst managing the competing demands on their time and attention, through better self management, better communication, better team working, and with clear, motivational guidance from a true leader.